Higher Education and Vocational Degree

Murray’s Essay On Education: What’s Wrong With Vocational School â€Å"What’s Wrong With Vocational School,† by Charles Murray is an Article that states Vocational tutoring would be in an ideal situation than a multi year College degree. In Murray’s conclusion, school should just be with those with a high IQ pace of 115 or higher and ready to deal with thorough and testing courses. On the off chance that you are at an IQ underneath 110 it turns into an issue and you would be increasingly fruitful in a Vocational program.This article serenely and normally presents the thought that the populace would be ideally serviced by the reintroduction of all the more preparing for professions in exchange occupations getting progressively noticeable, along these lines making more openings for work for individuals graduating with a professional degree. Numerous understudies that move on from a multi year University don't realize what is expected to go into the wo rking field. Murray states â€Å"For a couple of occupations, an advanced education despite everything affirms a capability. This raises the inquiry, for what reason do we constrain everybody to get a multi year degree?In our general public the school you go to implies more than your real capability or ability you may have. Businesses will in general pick an understudy that moved on from a college over that of a professional school understudy on account of the name of the school not the ability the individual has. The degree itself additionally doesn't consequently qualify the understudy for the activity and there are a lot quicker and better ways, for example, a professional degree for youngsters to give certifications to employers.These qualifications are required in the activity advertise for understudies with professional degrees. As Murray says, â€Å"Finding a decent attorney or doctor is simple yet finding a decent woodworker, painter, or circuit repairman is getting troubl esome. † The occupations required, for example, a circuit tester or painters are those with professional degrees. We regularly disregard a portion of the incredible occupations that don’t require a degree are still exceptionally fulfilling. A professional degree can bring the same amount of salary here and there considerably in excess of a multi year higher education down the middle the time.We have a mentality that a multi year degree is significantly more important than a professional degree. As Murray passes on this isn't accurate he utilized a case of an expert carrying inherent awards with high salary. Professional degrees are getting increasingly powerless in our locale. A higher education is not any more significant than some other cutting edge occupation, for example, a NBA player or a bureau creator. A significant number of our most high salary individuals don't have a higher education and couldn't care less in light of the fact that they are living cheerfully without it.Murray states the social cachet of an advanced education despite everything remains except will dissolve after some time when enormous quantities of high pay individuals don't have professional educations. † Many managers are taking a gander at the proof you are acceptable at something without the advantage of an advanced education and will expand all the more additional time. In the event that this proceeds with our bogus standpoint of an advanced education will reduce. As a general public we take a gander at the main method of turning out to be fruitful is heading off to a four college and investigate professional degree programs. Through Murray’s contention we learned tha

Internationalisation of Public Relations Education

Internationalization of Public Relations Education Presentation The principle subject of the exposition is internationalization of advertising instruction. It is a serious wide subject and can be looked into and examined from various perspectives. In such manner the chose writing initially inspects global advertising ideas and furthermore an effect it has on advertising training. Subsequently, writing audit has been partitioned into the accompanying significant subjects: International advertising (IPR) and International advertising instruction (IPRE). The section will start by introducing the principle banters about universal advertising and its ideas close by with a short outline of elements impacting it. It will be trailed by a segment introducing condition of research on IPR. The conversation will at that point move to segment two universal advertising training, investigating the imperatives and difficulties for internationalization. At long last the part will sum up the key subjects and focuses distinguished. The significant piece of the writing audit centers around contemporary research, characterized as 1989-2009. Global PR A developing number of distributions report the turn of events and difficulties of the advertising in each significant landmass and district of the world (Nally, 1991, Moss et al., 1997, Moss et al., 2003, Sriramesh and Vercic, 2003b, Van Ruler and Vercic, 2004, Freitag and Stokes, 2009). This exploration alludes term worldwide PR to globalization of the calling, which is being rehearses and perceived in more nations all through the globe, while International PR alludes to the arranging and usage of projects and crusades did abroad or for universal crowd. Henceforth worldwide PR instruction alludes to the way toward embracing proficient preparing to International PR ideas and request. Advertising is still moderately new worry for the executives, despite the fact that its advanced sources can be followed as far as possible of the only remaining century (White, 1991). As per (Cutlip, 1994), a key scientist throughout the entire existence of advertising in the U.S., the main worldwide advertising office The Hamilton Wright Organization was established in 1908. Worldwide people group of experts and researchers are progressively keen on moving information, encounters, and best practices from national to transnational situations. This headway is produced by the expanding job of advertising which is driven to a great extent by the impact of new data advances and globalization (Flodin, 2003). Drawing upon this, DiStaso et al. (2009) examined the impacts of globalization, that started with the Maastricht Treaty and NAFTAA in 1992, the WTO in 1994 and asserting it had extraordinary effect on the advertising business. As indicated by Szondis (2009, p.115) Universal advertising is the arranged correspondence action of a (worldwide) association, a supra-or global foundation or government through cooperations in the objective nation which encourages the association (or government) to accomplish its approach or business goals without hurting the interests of the publics. There have been papers which introduced global PR to be basically about how to beat obstructions that are made by different societies, including language, laws or social issues, which are frequently indentified as issues (Wilcox et al., 2001), as opposed to circumstances or the indication of assorted variety. The most every now and again referenced paper which remains against IPR has been Angell (1990) attested that the difference between neighborhood nations was so incredible as to block any chance of globalization. An entirely different examination, additionally exceptionally referenced, has been given by Pavlik (1987), who as right on time as the 1980s considered IPR one of the most quickly developing zones of the calling, and one of the least comprehended. The issue with characterizing distinction among locally and globally done advertising is that there isn't sufficient research or basic evaluation. While fundamental standards don't change, the manner in which they are done from culture to culture and nation to nation, and the mentalities and qualities inserted inside those various societies or nations, are extraordinary (Wakefield, 2007b). A comparable report was led by Botan (1992, p. 157), who contended that global advertising is consistently intercultural. The current advertising collection of information, and advertising educational programs the world over, have a U.S. inclination (Sriramesh, 2002). U.S. worldview, in any case, hits with that European or non-U.S. view of advertising become a greater amount of significant worth in the twenty first century. A US educator and expert Robert Wakefield (2007b), who have been rehearsing and looking into in the territory of IPR for very nearly two decades, accepts that standards and practices of PR in Europe, stressing social job of advertising, are all the more encouraging for compelling PR in the global than the American-based PR-as-showcasing device approach. He, close by most of new PR schools, underpins standards of PR approaching out of spots other than the U.S. Hence, need and require the somewhere else hypotheses and ideas was likewise a factor for an examination in worldwide/worldwide PR. Ovaitt (1988, p.5) made a fascinating recommendation saying that it was anything but a well known thought with promoting and publicizing specialists when they began contemplating internationalization decades prior and it was not mainstream with advertising experts back to late 1980s. The thought is that what these experts accomplish professionally may be done on a worldwide premise worldwide in the feeling of accomplishing some noteworthy degree of normalization, of what is offered to clients, yet in addition how it is introduced and advanced. Advertising as a calling isn't really comprehended and polished in a similar way all around the globe. This isn't news in essence, as a few researchers (Sharpe, 1992, Vercic et al., 1996, Taylor, 2000, Rhee, 2002, Valentini, 2007) for a long time have underlined that advertising requires a worldwide comprehension of social contrasts. Various examinations (Kent and Taylor, 1999, Lee, 2005) demonstrate that advertising professionals are progressi vely required to have the option to speak with various global publics, regardless of the size of the association they are working for, or whether it is private or open, including non-benefit associations. After the International Association of Business Communicators (IABC) Excellence Study yielded an audit of standardizing standards (Grunig, 1992), Vercic et al. (1996) clarified the significance of recognizing five logical factors that impact the act of the regulating standards. Vercic, Grunig, and Grunig (Vercic et al., 1996) proposed a worldwide hypothesis of advertising that was explained by Sriramesh and Vercic (2003a, 2003b, 2009) in their Global Public Relations Handbook and by Sriramesh (2009) in a unique issue of PRism. Their worldwide advertising hypothesis endeavored to respond to the subject of whether advertising hypothesis and practice ought to be extraordinary to every nation or culture or whether it ought to be polished similarly all over the place. Creators responded to this inquiry by speculating that worldwide advertising should fall in the center among normalization and individualisation (Grunig, 2009). The hypothetical structure of Sriramesh and Vercic (2003) has b een utilized to survey the status of advertising in nations around the globe. Contextualized considers are the center segment of the worldwide advertising idea. As Vercic (2009) detailed, global PR practices ought to speak to the accepted procedures anyplace in light of their essential complexities and reach. Worldwide hypothesis is definitely not a positive hypothesis, which portrays a kind of advertising that right now is drilled wherever on the planet. Research, for example, that revealed in Sriramesh and Vercic (2003, 2009), shows that there are numerous peculiarities in advertising practice the world over that reflect social contrasts. It likewise shows that the one overall all inclusive in advertising practice is what is J. Grunig have called the press agentry/exposure model (Grunig et al., 1995)- the least compelling of the models. Or maybe, their worldwide hypothesis is a regulating hypothesis that contends that advertising will be best all through most pieces of the world ( Grunig, 2009, p.2). Stressing diverse impacts on notoriety in worldwide associations Wakefield (2007b, 2008) contends that there still is a significant differentiation among worldwide and household advertising rehearses, and that understanding those distinctions will add to better worldwide practice. All the more explicitly, late research has additionally called into inquiries of need to see how culture influences advertising. There are quantities of key examines (Grunig et al., 1995) who have composed papers explicitly regarding the matter. A comparative report was directed by Neff (1991), who has shown that financial advancement is driving advertising firms down a way requiring information on culture and language notwithstanding advertising. Maybe one of the most powerful ongoing distributions on multiculturalism in advertising instruction was delivered by (Sriramesh, 2002, Sriramesh, 2003). He has likewise detailed that advertising instruction has not stayed up with the fast globalization that has ha ppened since 1992 (Sriramesh, 2002). Sriramesh (2009) required a requirement for an increasingly keen portrayal of a large number of the conventional standards of advertising practice to suit the nearby condition, so the collection of information is progressively comprehensive and applicable to worldwide requests. Notwithstanding, there still is a space for a suspicion that not all the specialists require universal preparing and worldwide point of view. RESEARCH/CRITICS: Since the approach of the Int

Tips For Writing Persuasive Essays

Tips For Writing Persuasive EssaysAre you sick of writing all that very boring material, only to find out that your students' essays do not match up to your topics as I lay dying? Well, you can rest assured that your students will appreciate you for having planned out a persuasive essay.Why is writing a persuasive essay so hard? You could look at just about any high school and college writing assignment and see that there are plenty of different categories for topics, and each topic has several different topics associated with it. In addition, it is hard to match up different topics to essay topics as I lay dying when they are from two different courses.The types of topics that are used by colleges to include what most people think of as non-possessive topics, where the writer does not tell us anything specific about a situation, but rather explains the situation using a diagram or table. Students want to know why things happen, how things happen, or what could have happened in order to make a particular situation better.Consider, for example, the dilemma where we are in love with someone who is having an affair. On one hand, we want them to stop cheating on us, and we understand the pain they are going through. On the other hand, we would like them to get back together with us because we love them and want them to be happy.There is no specific way to write a persuasive essay that is more convincing than this, but if you plot out a thought experiment on the ideas involved, it could be very persuasive and interesting. What is more, the topic of the essay has to be something that a student can relate to, and which would make them take action or become engaged with the issue at hand.Once a student is able to find a way to relate something to a persuasive essay, and then they can begin to figure out how to connect various parts of the essay to the topic as you lay dying. By doing this, the material becomes easier to write, and the creation process of the essay has a whole new meaning to it. It no longer has to do with cold facts.Of course, the proper point of reference in writing a persuasive essay is to find something that relates to the material as you lay dying, and then convert that into a 'Thesis Statement' that offers a way to connect the different ideas together. After this, a great essay can be created!Think about this the next time you need to write a persuasive essay! Instead of just writing a list of facts, see if you can find some of those facts in a form that a student can relate to.

What Benefits Are There Of Marriage Today - 2151 Words

What benefits are there of marriage today and why do Americans continue to marry? Campbell and Wright (2010) point out, even with roughly a 50% chance of first marriages ending in divorce in the United States, marriage is still the crucial goal for most adults. The top reason given by individuals for getting married is now love (p. 331). In a life time a person will typical meet an individual, get married, have a child, and live happily ever after. In our society, these life events are now occurring in numerous orders, which is altering the traditional concept of marriage. These new trends are not necessarily wrong, but it does force counselors to respond to the changing family structure. Once marriage occurs, there are problems that†¦show more content†¦Marriage Pinsof (2002) addresses marriages as a relationship that is predicated on a mutual and voluntary commitment to a life-long, monogamous partnership. â€Å"Monogamy† refers to sexual exclusivity and means that the partners in a marriage pledge sexual fidelity as part of their commitment (p. 137). Although there is not one way to have a healthy satisfying marriage, there are some common factors that are worth highlighting as the following characteristics: investment in the well-being of the beloved, respect, admiration, sexual desire, intimacy, commitment, exclusivity, and understanding (Manning, 2007). Traditional Marriage According to Russell, Baker, and Mcnulty (2013), marital relationships can be the source of life’s most enjoyable experiences, they are also the source of one of life’s most painful experiences – infidelity. The difference between dating and marital relationships is that married individuals demonstrate higher levels of commitment (p. 244). In the past, people didn’t really marry for love. Prior to the 20th century, the most common endpoint of marriage became divorce (Pinsof, 2002). Marriage Today Since women beginning working out side out the home, and beginning to have the option to use contraception, the dynamics of marriage shifted. Baker and Emery (1993) study concluded that first, those who are about to be married have largely incorrect perceptions of the legal terms of the marriage contract as

Hester Prynne And Oedipus At Colonus And Antigone - 856 Words

Antigone Essay Taking into account her perseverance, stubbornness, and strength, Hester Prynne from The Scarlet Letter is very similar to Antigone. Both protagonists have to face moral dilemmas along with adversity from others around them. This leads to consequences either from the law, the community, or both. In Oedipus at Colonus, Antigone is essentially the guardian of her now blind father, Oedipus. She is shown to care for him deeply and be very selfless in the sense that she puts his needs before hers. Antigone tells her father â€Å"Rest your limbs here on the rough rock. For you have been sent forth on a road that is long for an old man.† By saying this, she clearly is showing compassion for her father and wants the best for him.†¦show more content†¦Both Antigone and Hester were shown to make sacrifices for their loved ones. Antigone did this by putting aside everything in her life to take care of her father, and also by disregarding the rules set in place by Creon regarding the burial of her brother. Hester did the same by attempting to live a good life for her daughter Pearl in hopes she would never have to worry about what Hester is worrying about. Both Antigone and Hester stayed strong with their will even in the face of adversity. Antigone was understandably angered when she heard the news of the treatment of her brother’s body by Creon. Antigone was so appalled by this, she decided she was going to go against Creon and the authorities and bury Creon out of her respect for him. Antigone’s sister, Ismeme, was shocked when she heard of Antigone’s plans and turned down the offer when Antigone asked her to join her. Ismeme also begged Antigone to not go through with the action because she valued her sister and did not want her to get in trouble with Creon. Despite the criticism from Ismeme and the obvious rule of the law, Antigone stood firm in her faith that her brother deserved a respectful burial. Even when Creon found out about Antigone’s actions and threatened to punish her and questioned if she knew the law, she replied â€Å"Of course I knew. Was it not publicly proclaimed?† Moreover, this shows how Antigone decided her brother was more important than the law and that she was

tda 2.2 safeguarding the welfare of children and young people

TDA 2.2: Safeguarding the welfare of children and young people 1. Know about the legislation, guidelines, policies and procedures for safeguarding the welfare of children and young people including e-safety. To be able to understand what ‘safeguarding’ means you must first understand what ‘child protection’ is. Child Protection = is the process of protecting children/young people who are suffering or who is at risk of suffering significant harm as a result of abuse or neglect. The Safeguarding of children as only has been around for the past 50years. The legislation needed to be improved by some high-profile cases such as 1973 by the death of Maria Colwell, in 1982 Tyra Henry, and Toni Dales in 1992 to just name a few.†¦show more content†¦This will defer from each school but will set out the same responsibilities of staff procedures that all must follow. These policies may be incorporated into health and safety policies or separate. These must include sections that cover the following issues of: Safeguarding and protecting, and procedures for reporting E-safety Bullying, and that including cyber-bullying. This guidance is for local authorities which includes schools that are given by the department for education (DFE). As long as schools uses this guidance they can then develop their own policies and own procedures to follow. Two of these are listed below†¦ Working together to safeguard children (2010) This is a regulation which sets out all the obligations of organisations and how they must work together to ensure the safeguarding of the children and young people. What to do if you’re worried a child is being abused (2006) In this guidance, it there to provides the best practice guidance for all those who work with children in order to safeguard their welfare. There is an appendix that is there to support with the legal publications with affecting distributing of any information. The regulation states actions to follow for anyone working with children if they are concernedShow MoreRelatedTda 2.2 Safeguarding the Welfare of Children and Young People2049 Words   |  9 PagesLorraine Bale TDA 2.2 Safeguarding the welfare of children and young people 1.1 United Nations convention protection of children’s act- when was the 1st legislation impacted. It was drawn up in 1989, but the United Kingdom decided on 16th December 1991 formally agreed to make sure that every child has the same rights listed in the convention. Signed 20th November 1989 Location New York Effective 2nd September 1990 Condition 20 ratifications Signatories 140 Parties 194 Depositary UN secretary generalRead MoreTda 2.2 Safeguarding the Welfare of Children and Young People.2245 Words   |  9 PagesTDA 2.2 Safeguarding the welfare of children and young people. Introduction Safeguarding the welfare of children and young people is a high priority in the workplace, and certain actions and procedures must be followed to ensure the safety of all children, both inside and outside of school. There are several different areas that must be addressed when considering safeguarding the welfare of children and young people, both within the school environment and the home environment. TDA 2Read MoreTda 2.2 Safeguarding the Welfare of Children and Young People2112 Words   |  9 PagesTDA 2.2: Safeguarding the Welfare of Children and Young People. L.O 1 1.1. Identify current legislation, guidelines, policies and procedures for safeguarding the welfare of children and young people. All children have the right to be kept safe and looked after. The United Nations Convention on the rights of a child (1989) is a treaty that sets out the rights and freedoms of all children in a set of 54 articles. Children’s Act 1989: Identifies the responsibilities of parents and professionals whoRead MoreTda 2.2: Safeguarding the Welfare of Children and Young People2348 Words   |  10 PagesTDA 2.2: safeguarding the welfare of children and young people 1.1 Safeguarding legislations: ï‚ § Health and safety policy ï‚ § Healthy and safety at work act (1974) ï‚ § Every child matters framework (covered on page 20) ï‚ § Working together to safeguard children (2006 and 2010) ï‚ § Safeguarding policy ï‚ § Children act (1989 and 2004) ï‚ § Child protection policy ï‚ § E-safety Children Act: The Children’s Act came in to force in 1989 and was drafted complement the Human Rights Act but be specific to childrenRead MoreTda 2.2 Safeguarding the Welfare of Children and Young People. -3.1 Identify the Characteristics of Different Types of Child Abuse.1634 Words   |  7 Pagesbadly bruised. There may be bite marks or cuts on the child or marks showing the outline of an object such as a belt that the child has been hit with. There may be signs of a brain injury if a child has been shaken especially with babies or smaller children. They may have a torn frenulum from having things forced into their mouths. The child may have problems with weight loss and may find it difficult to gain weight; they may have bald patches on their head from having their hair pulled. Some otherRead MoreTda 2.21843 Words   |  8 PagesTDA 2.2 Task 1 1.1 * Identify the current legislation, guidelines, policies and procedures for safeguarding the welfare of children and young people, including e-safety. These are as follows Children’s act 1989/2004 Education act 2002 ECM/EYFS E safety 2008 Human rights act Equal opportunities act Safeguarding Health and safety Disability Discrimination act/ SENDA 1.2 * Describe the roles of different agencies involved in safeguarding the welfare of children and young people. Social services-Read MoreCashe Level 2 Essay example18123 Words   |  73 PagesCACHE Qualification Specification CACHE Level 2 Certificate for the Children and Young People’s Workforce (QCF) CACHE Level 2 Certificate for the Children and Young People’s Workforce (QCF)  © CACHE 2011 Except as allowed by law, or where specified in the text, no part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior permission from the Council for Awards in Care, Health and Education. CACHE has provided this Qualification Specification in MicrosoftRead MoreTDA 3.2 organisation in schools Essay3183 Words   |  13 PagesF/601/3327 TDA 3.1 Communication and professional relationships with children, young people and adults Knowledge skill 3 2 2 A/601/3326 TDA 3.2 Schools as organisations Knowledge 3 3 3 F/601/4073 TDA 3.3 Support learning activities Knowledge skill 3 4 4 A/601/4069 TDA 3.4 Promote children and young people’s positive behaviour Knowledge skill 3 3 5 H/601/4065 TDA 3.5 Develop professional relationships with children, young people and adults Read MoreTDA2.2 – 1.1 – Identify the current legislation, guidelines, policies and procedures for safeguarding the welfare of children and young people, including e-safety.4380 Words   |  15 Pagesï » ¿Kay Clark TDA2.2 – 1.1 – Identify the current legislation, guidelines, policies and procedures for safeguarding the welfare of children and young people, including e-safety. Within my workplace I am aware of the statutory and regulatory health and safety requirements for pupils, staff, families and visitors in the school. Health and safety legalisation places overall responsibility for health and safety with the employer. However, as an employee working within a school, you also have responsibilitiesRead MoreTda 2.2 Childcare Nvq Level 21248 Words   |  5 PagesTDA 2.2 Safeguarding the welfare of children and young people Different agencies involved in safeguarding the welfare of children and young people and their roles: †¢ Local safeguarding children board- they look into the death of children who have been abused or neglected. And how different professionals/agencies have dealt with it. †¢ General practitioner- Can refer to necessary agencies i.e. social services/police and they provide a report for child protection conference. †¢ National society for

CRM Software Data Stored by CRM Software

Question: Describe about the data stored by CRM software, benefits to the hotel, benefits to the guest and parameters to measure the CRM success. Answer: Introduction CRM software is a software category that includes a set of applications and software designed to help hotels, casinos, and resorts to maintain and manage data of customers, their interaction throughout the customer lifecycle. Best hotels like City Inn Hotel Ltd in Khulna, Bangladesh has an ultimate goal of improving business relationships and retaining customers to gain profit from customer satisfaction by providing them services. CRM software compiles, synchronize and manage scattered customer documents and data into a single database and utilize it for marketing and customer service. It also keeps customer and management staff in contact through email, live chat, telephone, marketing materials, and social media. Through this software, management of City Inn Hotel can keep a track of their customers and their stay and services required by them (Bang and Kim). The data stored by CRM software Communication details like customer name, their contact details- email, phone number, and address. Transaction details like time of stay, mode of payment used by the customer, and services used by the customer during the stay. Engagement details like mode of communication, customer prefersto be used by the hotel to contact them and call records made to helpdesk. Profile details like birthday, their hobbies and interest and anniversaries. Feedback details like any surveys were taken by the customer, any complaints from them or any kindof feedback provided by the customer through personal interaction with them(Haran et al.). Benefits to the hotel Provide better customer service- Staff can analyze the data provided in the CRM software and provide better services to the customer according to his liking. This will satisfy the customer and will retain him for the future also. Increase customer revenue- The old customer would like to return to the same hotel if they get the best service for them. This will generate customer revenue for the hotel. Discover new customers- CRM connects the hotel globally through the internet; online reservation gives new customers to the hotel. Help staff to attend customers- Data collected in the software help the staff to attain full data about the customer in a single click, which help them to attend the customer easily. Profit- Like any business, hotels also need good profit in the year end and retained customers, and a new one will definitely help in attaining that goal(Khan et al.). Benefits to the guest Personalized attention- Personal attention can be given to the guest by going through the details of his last stay and improve his stay altogether. Loyalty Rewards- Loyalty rewards in the form of special discount or vouchers can be given to the customers those who are loyal to the hotel and this information can be attained through the data saved in CRM software. Instant reservation- Through the internet, reservation formalities which are required to be filled can be fulfilled by the data already saved with the hotel. This saves time for the customer. Discounts or special offers- These software keep in regular touch with the customers through emails, calls and reminders, and hence they come to know about special discounts or offers provide by the City Inn Hotel and use it to their benefit. Personal touch- Wishes on their special days from the side of the hotel is automatically sent to the customer whose data are saved with it, this generates a personal touch with the customer(Josiassen, Assaf and Knezvevic). Parameters to Measure the CRM success Direct customer feedback- Customers feedback about his stay at the City Inn Hotel Khulna, Bangladesh in comparison to the last time can be the best way of knowing the success of CRM software. As they are a better judge of their individual services provided to him(Fukey Leena, Jaykumar and Issac). Customer retention- By comparing the number of customers retained by the hotel for the last year the correct statistics will come up. Finances- Increased profit and revenue generated from the staying of the customer show the true picture of CRM success. New customers- New customers attached to the hotel are also a measure of the success of CRM(Croteau and Li). Conclusion With so much of competition around, it is necessary for the management staff City Inn Hotel Khulna, Bangladesh to take steps to prove itself the best out of all. CRM certainly helps the management staff to provide best and personalized services to the customer, but also show a betterment in the services and the prices charged for it. Data collected by the staff is readily available to them through CRM which helps them to take quick actions to the customers satisfaction. It also helps in attaining new customers for the hotel and retaining the old ones(Wu and Lu). References "CRM Scorecard - CRM Performance Measurement". International Journal of Networked Computing and Advanced Information Management 2.1 (2012): 8-21. Web. Bang, Jounghae, and Min Sun Kim. "CRM Fit And Relationship Quality In Hotel Industry". IJSH 7.6 (2013): 11-22. Web. Croteau, Anne-Marie, and Peter Li. "Critical Success Factors Of CRM Technological Initiatives". Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences / Revue Canadienne des Sciences de l'Administration 20.1 (2009): 21-34. Web. Fukey Leena, N., V. Jaykumar, and Surya Sarah Issac. "Assessing CRM Practices In Hotel Industry: A Look At The Progress And Prospects". Indian Journal of Science and Technology 8.S6 (2015): 82. Web. Haran, Murali et al. "Applying Classification Techniques To Remotely-Collected Program Execution Data". SIGSOFT Softw. Eng. Notes 30.5 (2005): 146. Web. Josiassen, Alexander, A. George Assaf, and Ljubica Knevevi. "Impact Of CRM Implementation On Hotel Efficiency: Evidence From The Slovenian Hotel Sector". Tourism Economics 18.3 (2012): 607-616. Web. Kanchan, and Aditi Sharma. "Application Of Customer Relationship Management (CRM) Practices In Hotel Industries: A Review". International Journal of BRIC Business Research 4.3 (2015): 1-6. Web. Khan, Abeer et al. "Integration Between Customer Relationship Management (CRM) And Data Warehousing". Procedia Technology 1 (2012): 239-249. Web. Sharma, Aran, and Gopalkrishnan R. Iyer. "Country Effects On CRM Success". Journal of Relationship Marketing 5.4 (2007): 63-78. Web. Steinbock, Dan. "Software Review A Sample Road Map For Analytical CRM". Journal of Database Marketing Customer Strategy Management 12.4 (2005): 362-377. Web. Venturini, Wander Trindade, and scar Gonzlez Benito. "CRM Software Success: A Proposed Performance Measurement Scale". J of Knowledge Management 19.4 (2015): 856-875. Web. Wu, Shwu-Ing, and Chien-Lung Lu. "The Relationship Between CRM, RM, And Business Performance: A Study Of The Hotel Industry In Taiwan". International Journal of Hospitality Management 31.1 (2012): 276-285. Web.

The Most Influential Musician from 1870

In the course of history, music has been one of the major methods that people have employed to communicate, entertain and inform. Music has evolved over the decades thus taking different forms and styles throughout history.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on The Most Influential Musician from 1870-1950 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This paper seeks to answer the question, ‘which musician had much influence to the society between 1870 and 1950?’ The methodology of answering this question will be based on the influence that the musician had on the society as well as the number of his works that gained positive attributes from the public. The information will be sourced from both books and articles that provide credible information about the musician. It is important to mention that the paper also puts into consideration the fact that there are different genres in music and that the prowess of a mu sician can be defined best within the context of the genre he/she chose. As aforementioned, music has been in existence for as many years as man since it occupies a very crucial part in any society as far as education, communication and entertainment are concerned. For one to succeed in a career in music, he/she requires the support of the community. Without such support, one’s efforts in the career may be all in vain. To attract the attention of a given audience, one has to be skillful, knowledgeable and tactful in his/her performance. Within the period in question, certain artists worked hard to win the society’s attention thus remained influential not only within the period in question but also in the contemporary society through their productions. This paper focuses on such musicians namely Heinrich Albert, Harry Lauder and Hank Williams. Heinrich Albert was a German musician born in Warzburg at the beginning of the period in question, 1870 (Miner 3). His interest in music began at a tender age since in his teenage years he had already learnt how to play three important musical instruments. They included the piano, horn and violin.Advertising Looking for assessment on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More By the time he attained twenty-four years of age, he had already participated in international events as an orchestral musician in Russia, Sweden and Switzerland. During one of the international music events, he developed an interest in playing the guitar and he did not take much time before he joined guitar classes. Due to his efforts and commitment to his career in music, at the age of 25, he was appointed as the chamber music guitarist in Munich. Five years later, he rose to the rank of the guitarist of the royal theatre in his country. He also won the ‘Court Chamber Virtuoso’ in 1909. Up to the late 1940s, Albert remained active in his career. Due to his prof essionalism, the leader of the Munich guitar quartet incorporated him in the team to enhance its credibility (Miner 6). With the help of the other members of the ensemble, Albert further continued to impact masses with his musical prowess. He not only inspired other members of the quartet but he also taught them the skills they needed in playing the guitar (Jeffery 26; Phillip 50). Additionally, he initiated the use of four different guitars during performances, which later came to be termed as the ‘Munich Model’. Under the leadership of Albert, the quartet did their first public concert towards the end of March 1909. The concert was held in Mailander Mandolin club, one of the famous clubs in Munich during that time. He also participated in a concert that was organized by the artistic society in Nuremberg. During this concert, the quartet presented one of Albert’s own composition entitled Manuett. Additionally, he also did a solo performance of a piece he had com posed earlier in the year, Hungarian Fantasie (Phillip 46). Following the concert, the Munich guitarist quartet as well as Albert received positive responses from their audience that were documented in the Journal Die Gittarrefreurd, which was a famous journal of the time. Through his influence on the Munich guitar quartet, many people in Austria and Germany developed interest in the ‘Munich Model’ an aspect that led to the development of more ensembles. He also trained other artists such as Markus Shwerdhofer and Heinrich Schener who continued to uphold the quartet spirit. The twentieth century renaissance of the guitar owes its existence to the works of Albert. Through his experience in music, he came up with the Fernando sor’s sonata, which involves the transformation of a solo guitar to a quartet guitar.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on The Most Influential Musician from 1870-1950 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/p age Learn More In reference to Albert’s work, Jeffery says that, â€Å"†¦an uncompromising work, developing its ideas to the full and concentrating on musical values rather than on what the guitar can do† (37). Among his works was a detailed guitar playing method and a collection of nearly seventy etudes in six volumes (Jeffery 29). Research has shown that most of the contemporary quartets apply the concepts developed by Heinrich Albert in his career in music. Harry Launder is one of the greatest musicians and a performer in the Scottish and British realm. The entertainer was born in 1870 in Portobello Edinburgh to a John Launder a designer in China artifacts and Isabella a descendant from the black isle. Harry Launder started his early career by working at the coalmines at the tender age of thirteen years and realized his potential in singing at the time. He started performing his music shortly after getting married to Anna Vallance in 1891 (Gordon 20). Launders first professional performance took place at a local Lark hall where he used to make about five shillings each night. He later moved to perform at the â€Å"go-as-you please†, which was a more prestigious event in the town and made him prominent among the local community. Fame and fortune for Harry Launder came around 1905 when he successfully led a troop of pantomimes known as the Howard and Wyndham. This catapulted Launder to become one of the greatest performers in England and these lead to various contracts and music deals. Launder was estimated to earn  £1000 a night for his performances in the United States by the year 1911. In the following year, Launder topped the charts in Britain becoming the first British in the history of entertainment (Graeme 25). Some of the greatest hits by Harry Launder include â€Å"Roamin in the Gloamin†, â€Å"I love a Lassie†, â€Å"Keep right unto the end of the road† and â€Å"A wee Deoch-an-Dorisâ € . These songs made Launder the highest paid performer of his time with an estimated amount of  £12,700 for each performance (Williams 138; Lauder 14). During his forty-year music career, Launder had made twenty-two visits to the United States and a couple of other trips to Australia with his own train. Other accolades to his title include being knighted after the world war one for raising  £1million for the troops to be rehabilitated and inculcated to the society.Advertising Looking for assessment on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to the Prime Minister Winston Churchill, Harry Launder had rendered to the Scottish race and entire British Empire an immeasurable service through his music and philanthropy. Harry Launder died in 1950 at the age of 79 years leaving behind a legacy of songs, books and films that he had written or stirred in (William 70). The other musician to make history in the music industry was Hank Williams. He was born in 1923 with his birth name being Hiram King William (Brackett 32). Hiram would later change his name to Hank, which sounded well according to him in country songs. In 1937, Hank would start his career in a radio station WSFA with the producer offering him a program of 15 minutes as the host with a salary of $15. This was after Hank had won a talent show at the Empire theatre pocketing the grand price of $15. With the rising popularity Hank would go on to form a band with the money he got from the radio show that he called â€Å"the drifting cowboys†, and this ev entually led him to quit school. Hank would record songs like â€Å"Never again† and â€Å"Honky Tonkin† which did not do better. It was only after releasing the song â€Å"Move it on over†, that fame and fortune started to stream in. In 1948, he signed a recording contract with MGM records. The following year, Hank went on to release â€Å"Love sick blues†, which propelled his music to the mainstream media thus increasing his popularity as a singer. According to Helander (9), Hank was estimated to make $1000 at this point in his career for every performance he went. It is important to mention that, Hank had eleven number one songs in the American chart since 1948-1953 making him the most successful American musician of his time and the most popular America singer only for his record to be broken by the likes of Elvis Presley and Michael Jackson in years after (Flippo 16) Other hits by Hank that have gone down in history of music include â€Å"Youâ€℠¢re cheating heart†, â€Å"Hey, Good looking† and â€Å"I’m so lonesome I could cry†. Even though by this time Hank had become a star, he nevertheless had issues that cut off his career and life. Excessive consumption of alcohol and morphine and other painkillers saw him being divorced by his wife and being kicked out of the band. Hank died in 1953 at the tender age of 29 years (Graeme 38). Hanks songs and composition have been used by other musicians in different fields such as pop, blues, gospel and even rock that have become instant hits (Wallace 84) In conclusion, the three artists discussed in this essay were influential in their own disciplines. Although they lived many years ago, their impact is still evident in the contemporary music industry. They laid the foundations of the genres that they were involved in and even trained other artists who have ensured the continuity of their works. Although their achieved fame during the period in question, th e fame has not faded in the society since they are still historical icons in music. Works Cited Brackett, David. Interpreting Popular Music. New York: University of California Press, 2000. Print. Flippo, Chet. Your cheating’ heart: a biography of Hank Williams. London: Plexus, 1997. Print. Gordon, Irving. Great Scot! The life story of Sir Harry Lauder, legendary laird of the music hall. London: Plexus, 1968. Print. Graeme, Smith. The Theatre Royal: Entertaining a Nation. Saddle River: Cengage, 2008. Print. Helander, Brock. The rockin’ ’50s: the people who made the music. New York: Schirmer Books, 2010. Print. Jeffery, Brian. Fernando Sor: Composer and Guitarist. London: Tecla Editions, 1977. Print. Lauder, Harry. The Ancestry of Sir Harry Lauder, in the Scottish Genealogist, Edinburgh: Sage, 2006. Print. Miner, Gregg. Heinich Albert and the World’s Fist Harp Guitar Quartet. Harp Guitar Player of the Month. July 2004.Web. http://www.harpguitars.net/players /month-player,7-04.htm. Phillip, Bone. The Guitar and Mandoline: Biographies of Cerebrated Players and Composers. London: Tecla Editions, 1914. Print. Wallace, Lewes. Harry Lauder in the Limelight. London: OUP, 1988. Print. Williams, Lycrecia, and Vinicur, Dale. Still in Love with You: Hank and Audrey Williams. London: Thomas Nelson Incorporated, 1991. Print. This assessment on The Most Influential Musician from 1870-1950 was written and submitted by user Nylah Burris to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

What Does a Rigorous High School Course Load Look Like

What Does a Rigorous High School Course Load Look Like SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Chances are, you've heard the phrase "rigorous course load" before. You probably even know that this is something colleges really look for in applications for admission. So how can you ensure that your high school course load is rigorous or challenging enough? How do you balance this with getting a good GPA? How do you balance the need for rigor with your limitations, extracurricular interests, family and friends, and desire to not overwhelm yourself? Read on for our advice on choosing between harder classes and more classes, and harder classes and better grades. We also go over how many AP classes and electives you should take. What Does Rigorous or Challenging Mean? First off, what does the vague word "rigor" actually mean? Andwhy do colleges value seeing you challenge yourself? As it turns out, exposure to a rigorous curriculum in high school is a better predictor of academic success in college than theeducation level of your parents is, or even your test scores, class rank, and GPA are. And the best place to show that you've been exposed to a challenging curriculum is through your transcript. In other words,college admissions officers want your transcript to show that you are driven, hardworking, and willing to push yourself- especially since research indicates thatif you have these qualities, then you're pretty likely to be a great college student! How to Avoid Being Overwhelmed by a Rigorous Course Load A rigorous curriculum is, at heart, a balancing act. You should take the most challenging courses that are within your ability to handle.At the same time,you should pace yourself so that you're not too overwhelmed by the challenge. Part of showing good judgment and a mature level of self-guidance is being able to balance a hard course load with your extracurricular activities, job, friends and family, and other responsibilities. When in doubt, remember how many expressions there are for this exact situation:"Don't bite off more than you can chew," "Don't let your eyes be bigger than your stomach," etc. Another way to think about a rigorous curriculum is to imagine your high school experience as an uphill climb.Most of the time you want to be farther up the mountain than where you were previously, hiking up steeper and steeper terrain and using everything you've learned to help you keep going. But like all mountaineers, sometimes you need time to stop at base camp or just take a break. As long as you're mostly climbing and not mostly resting, you know you'll get to the top eventually! Sure, they climbed all the way up there. But now it's hot chocolate time! More Classes or Harder Classes? Because much of your high school course load is up to you, a classic question students often have is whether they should show more breadth or more depth. For example, if you're into science, should you take every science course available at a basic level? Or should you focus on a couple of specific subjects, such as biology or physics, and take harder honors/AP classes in them? Based on our experience, colleges tend to favor students who've taken a few harder classes instead of a lot of easier classes.According to the National Association for College Admission Counseling's (NACAC) 2017 State of College Admission Report, 52% of schools surveyed ranked strength of curriculum as considerably important in admissions. Your transcripts should show how you've taken full advantage of the challenges available to you at your school- but always within reason, of course.This means that you should take progressively more difficult classes in each topic each year rather than jumping from intro class to intro class. The general idea is to show that you're intellectually prepared for college-level studying, and that you've developed a habit of guiding yourself toward increasing challenges. This demonstrates grit, resilience, perseverance, and a mature work ethic. Why is this guy so chill? Because he has figured out his own carrying capacity perfectly. Better Grades or Harder Classes? Again, definitely opt for harder classes. Most colleges say that a transcript that shows a student has taken increasingly demanding classes is more important than a transcript with a higher GPA.The NACAC survey reported that 77% of schools surveyed believe that grades in college prep courses(i.e., core classes such as English and science), as well as grades in allclasses you take as a high school student, are considerably important factorsin the admissions process. Butgetting straight As in low-level classes, instead of trying for an honors or AP class, might suggest to colleges that you're not challenging yourself enough. It's like asking Olympic swimmer Michael Phelps to compete against 5-year-olds; colleges would rather see you get a B in an AP course than an A in a regular course. Of course, this isn't to say that all your classes should be as challenging as possible- this goes back to the whole balance thing we talked about earlier. A D in an AP course looks a lot worse than an A in a regular course! Still, you want to demonstrate that you're able and willing to reach slightly beyond your grasp.The best course of action, then, is to challenge yourself most in classes that reflect your specific interests.So if you're a science whiz, you might consider diving more deeply into calculus, biology, or physics. If you're into the social sciences, you can take economics and psychology at high levels, even at the expense of taking AP Physics. You never know what might spark your passion, though, so be open to finding challengeeven in those fields you aren’t particularly interested in now. Which Classes Should You Take for a Rigorous Course Load? Now that you understand that colleges prize course difficulty over GPA, how can you decide on the courses you should take? This heavily depends on what your high school's course options and prerequisites are. Your school has already figured out how to get you from one step to the next. What Are My High School’s Course Progressions? Planning a rigorous curriculum should start early (think 9th or 10th grade), and it should definitely take into account the way your high school has structured your learning from grade 9 to 12. Step 1: Meet With Your School Counselor Come to the meeting ready to take good notes- you're about to get a whole lot of information! It's probably a good idea to bring your parents to the meeting as well. Ask about requirements for graduation.Discuss possible ways you can progress through the required course load. Ask how many electives you can fit into your schedule.Talk also aboutthe elective opportunities your school offers. Ask about prerequisites for honors, AP, and/or IB classes.Make sure you're clear on what you need to do to start taking a higher-level class than you were in before. Ask about the possibility of independent study.This option might make most sense after you finish a particular subject’s course progression. For example, my high school offered five years of Latin (from 8th to 12th grade). A fellow Latin nerd and I took one of those years over the summer. With the help of our amazing teacher, we created a Latin 6class our senior year. This took my passion for Latin literature even further and also definitely demonstrated rigor on my transcript. Step 2: Draw a 4-Year Chart Now that you have much of the information you need, you can start to make a plan. Draw achart by dividing a piece of paper into four sections; each section represents ayear of high school. Divide each of these sectionsinto smaller rectangles, with each rectangle representing one course you'll take that year. Pro tip:Don't draw more rectangles than the number of courses you're allowed to take per year! First, fill in all the graduation requirements you learned about in your meeting. Be sure that you're planning to take a harder, more challenging class for each subject each year. Now, with the rectangles that are still blank, you can start gaming outelectives. To help you out, here are our in-depth articles on required and elective classes, from standard through AP: High school math classes High school English classes High school science classes High school history classes High school foreign language classes High school electives Right now, it'sbalanced. But what if you addone more? How Many APs or IBs Should I Take? You know what your school's course progressions are- but where do AP and IB classes fit in? And how can you know whether you're ready for these challenging classes? Read on for our tips. Am I Ready for AP/IB Material? There are a couple of different ways to check whether you areready to take an AP- or IB-level high school class: Get an outside opinion.For example, your teacher should be able to tell you whether you'd be able to handle the work load and meet the overall academic expectations. If you took the PSAT or PreACT, use your scores to see where you stand. Your guidance counselor can look at these and then tell you whether he or she thinks you're ready to take AP and/or IB classes. Where Is the Line Between Challenging and Too Much? A good rule of thumb is to try for one to three AP classes per year of high school (probably not counting 9th grade). This kind of course load definitely shows a willingness to be challenged. 11th and 12thgrade is the time to go even harder- if you think you're up to it. For example, though I took only one AP class my freshman year and two my sophomore year, both junior and senior years I took four AP classes apiece.Sure,the added depth and breadth of what I was studying looked good on my transcript- but more importantly, it made my learning fascinating and engaging on a whole new level! What About Electives? Although the name makes them sound either optional or trivial, electives are nothing but.In fact, research indicates that students who take courses in the fine/performing arts often perform better in school and on standardized tests! In a rigorous course load, electives can be the bridge between what you need to do and what you want to do. Courses such as visual art, theater, journalism, computer science, and philosophy can ultimately demonstrate your passions and interests to colleges. Electives are alsoa way for you to showcase your strengths.For example, taking extra years of a foreign language or optional classes in STEM fields such as statistics or robotics lets you continue building upon your passion, while also raising your GPA and showing that you are willing to pursue rigor. Sample Rigorous Course Schedule for Each Grade Level By now, you should have a pretty clear idea as to what a rigorous course load is and what kinds of classes you can take to impress admissions committees. To give you an even better idea of what a possible schedule could look like, here are some sample course schedules for each grade level (from 9th to 12th grade). Note that you do not have to follow these schedules exactly when planning what courses to take, sinceyour school's course offerings, your state's graduation requirements, and your own interests will likely differ from what we include below.That said, feel free to use it as a rough guide for how you might want to plan your future class schedule. The following schedule would be most appropriate for somebody who is strong in the fields of math and science, and who hopes to study one of these topics at the college level. Notice how this student uses electives to take additional science classes (e.g., marine science and computer science) and to keep up her foreign language skills. 9th Grade Course Schedule Fall Semester Geometry Honors Biology Geography Honors Language Arts French 1 Physical Education Spring Semester Geometry Honors Biology Geography Honors Language Arts French 1 Marine Science 10th Grade Course Schedule Fall Semester Algebra 2 AP Chemistry Honors World History Introduction to English Composition French 2 Physical Education Spring Semester Algebra 2 AP Chemistry Honors World History Introduction to English Composition French 2 Computer Science Choose classes that let you explore your academic interests on a deeper level. 11th Grade Course Schedule Fall Semester Honors Precalculus AP Physics US History AP English Language and Composition French 3 Health Spring Semester Honors Precalculus AP Physics US History AP English Language and Composition French 3 Physical Education 12th Grade Course Schedule Fall Semester AP Calculus BC AP Biology Honors English Literature Honors Government French 4 AP Statistics Spring Semester] AP Calculus BC AP Biology Honors English Literature Honors Economics French 4 AP Statistics What If My High School Offers FewRigorous Classes? Not all high schools offer tons of challenging courses. If this is the case for you, what should you do to prove that you're indeed ready for college-level work? Here are your two best options: Option 1: Look for Outside Options Whether your school lacks advanced study options or lacks subjects you find especially compelling, one option is to take classes outside your school.Ask yourself the following questions: Does your school offer adual enrollment program? If so, you could take rigorous college-level courses that provide both high school and college credit. Do you have the opportunity to take online or summer courses? This could be a way to fill in curriculum gaps. Option 2: Explain Your Circumstances on Your Application College admissions offices put a tremendous amount of effort into figuring out what your high school is like when they look at your transcript. This is why if you go to a low-performing school, it's a good idea to include in your college application a description of what was and was not available at your high school. You should also definitely know that even the most exclusive colleges do not expect you to be able to provide coursework for yourself outside what your school offers you. For example, Yale's admission QA page stresses how much they take context into account: "We know you did not design your school’s curriculum ... Different schools have different requirements that may restrict what courses you can take. Again, we only expect that you will excel in the opportunities to which you have access." All colleges expect you to wear many hats. What About Life Outside My Schoolwork? One of the qualities colleges also look for in applicants is your time-management skills. Being able to balance your courses alongside extracurricular activities that are meaningfully sustained over time indicates that you are ready for the kind of independent work and time management necessary to succeed in college. If you find that so much of your time is going into your school work that you're neglecting every other aspect of your life, it's time to step back and reevaluate your challenge level. What’s Next? Ready to learn about the class progressions of different high school classes? Read our guides to choosinghigh school math classes,English classes,science classes,history classes,foreign language classes, andelectives. Want to start planning a more rigorous class schedule? Check out our guide to picking the right AP classes for you. A little confused about whether the AP or IB program is right for you?Our guide spells outthe differences between the two programs and gives you tips on how to choose. Wondering if asummer class is right for you? Exploreour guides totheSIG, CTY, and Stanford EPGYprograms! Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Business Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Business Law - Essay Example The principle established in this case is what is sometimes referred to as the ‘Principle of state liability in European Union law.† The European Court in this case held that the Government of Italy had breached its obligations and was therefore liable to pay compensation to workers who had suffered loss as a result of the breach. The court went on further to state that such damages should be made available in matters before various national courts. However, before such remedies could be made available, one had to prove that the directive he is alleging has not been implemented conferred upon him some specific rights that could be identified as well as an existing link between failure to implement it and the loss occasioned. It encompasses the doctrine of indirect effect where national courts are required to ensure enforcement of European Union obligations and ensure that interpretation of domestic law is consistent with the directives of the European Union. It can be sai d to be an additional and corollary of the direct effect doctrine. It is very vital in the enforcement of European Union law and rights that have been breached by private individuals in what is seen as a horizontal effect. Since directives usually have direct effect concerning claims on those directives on private individuals, it is therefore prudent to note that domestic law could be the only one that provides a basis for commencing an action against someone. The national courts are therefore expected to make sure that they interpret domestic law consistently with the directives given by the European Union. However this is only possible where the national law is not entirely inconsistent with the European Union law. The European Community is now entering into many international agreements in its capacity as an independent party. The agreements it enters into qualify to be community law in so far as they are covered by the competence of the community. Before community law can be eff ective, there must be liability on the part of member state. This is what led to the question as to whether a private individual can make a member state liable where they are in breach of an international agreement. It is good to note that the European Community’s relations externally are mainly characterized by existing legal and political conditions, the answer as to whether an individual can sue a member state will be shaped by the jurisprudence of the courts. This therefore depends on the will of the court to give effect to its earlier jurisprudence. This is the jurisprudence by the court that answered the question in the affirmative. However, the principle remains uncertain in majority of the cases. In R. v. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, ex parte Hedley Lomas, [1996] ECR I-2580, para. 104, the court upheld the decision in Francovich that there was need to ensure that community law was effective which could only be achieved through its uniform application. The court held that member liability which was inherent was one of the greatest to secure effectiveness of the community law. The court developed principles through which it could be possible to extend the liability of member states to cover external relations as well. The principle developed by the court was that first it was important to determine whether such international agreements have eventually formed community law worth of according primacy. This concept has been further developed by courts as evidence by the many decisions that have been delivered by the courts. For example the court in the case of Dillenkoffer

Write a memorandum Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Write a memorandum - Essay Example Due to this, the City Council is losing significant revenue collections, crime has gone high, the decline in the waterfront area is more real, and the economy is dwindling. As a result, the council is deciding on how to react on these complaints. In doing this, the Council will use the Measure A, that seeks to revitalize the economy on the waterfront area where the Marina sits. It also relies on the amended Referendum 3 that aims at limiting the government’s eminent domain power by restricting the permissible interpretations of the â€Å"public use† requirement for eminent domain (Dyson 1-2). The council seeks to take over the waterfront area and compensate the owners like Mr. Park. Henceforth, the city plans to transfer the land to public use where it hopes to derive jobs, revenues, and minimize noise on Elm Street. The City also relies on Kelo v. City of New London, 545 U.S. 469 case studies (2005) to succeed in its quest. Mr. Park’s house, marina is on that st reet and the council is bound to make it a stadium. Hence, Mr. Park is seeking legal advice on how to stop the council from taking his waterfront home. In 2000, New London, a city in Connecticut, used its eminent domain powers to acquire private property for purposes of selling it for private use with an aim of boosting the city’s economy. In doing this, New London sought to create more than 1000 jobs, revitalize the economy, and increase tax revenues. As such, aggrieved owners took the matter to court arguing that the seized property was not for public use and the Fifth Amendment Takings limits the government from seizing private property for public use without just compensation. The legal question in this question was whether the city’s seizure and selling of the reference property is of â€Å"public use† according to the Takings Clause of the Fifth Amendment. In a majority ruling, the Connecticut Supreme Court ruled for New London qualifying the city’s

Plato, Descartes, and The Matrix Essay Example for Free

Plato, Descartes, and The Matrix Essay Consider this, Is what we believe to be real and true real and true? In the movie The Matrix, Neo is a computer programer by day and hacker by night. He senses that something is wrong with the world but insists what he know he feels. When he dreams, he isn’t sure if it was real or just a dream just as Descartes believes he cannot trust his senses to tell him whether or not he is still dreaming. Neo meets with Morpheus and Morpheus gives Neo the option of knowing the truth. According to Morpheus the world isn’t real, it is an illusion and offers Neo a life altering choice. To take a pill that will give him the truth. The truth Morpheus refers to is that the world Neo believes in is just an illusion. What Neo perceives as real by his senses is nothing more than a computer generating ideas in his head without any real experiences. Morpheus gives Neo the option of continuing to live his life in the shadows and the way he perceives it or to see the light and the truth. This closely resembles the allegory of the cave by Pluto. Plato invites us to imagine humans being held prisoners, with no freedom to move or see except what is directly in front of them in the form of shadows. This is the prisoners reality. This is what they come to believe is real. When in-fact there is another world just beyond their reality. It is only after one prisoner escapes the shackles and chains and finds that the actual world is not just shadows but a world with the light of the sun. The prisoner has difficulty adjusting his eyes to the brightness, but eventually does. This experience parallels to what Neo experiences. Descartes poses the questions in his work Meditations of First Philosophy, 1961, of how we cannot for certain that the world he experiences isn’t not the product of an illusion forced upon him by an evil demon. He questions what he believes is real because of what he sees and feels while dreaming and therefore can’t trust his senses to tell him if 2he is still dreaming. When Neo accepts the â€Å"red pill† and his perception of his life slips away when he realizes that the human race is held in containers, unconscious, with a computer generating their thoughts and experiences. Humans invented Artificial Intelligence and in turn the AI took over mankind and enslaved them using them for the energy they required to stay ‘alive’. Neo realizes what Descartes proposed, that Neo’s life was just controlled by an evil demon, the Matrix. But Descartes went on to argue the existence of God, saying a Good God would not let an evil demon control us. Neo struggles with this new truth because he didn’t believe in fate because he didn’t like the idea he wasn’t in control of life. Neo life as he knew it is gone, and he is faced with the new reality and he struggles with the different emotions first of shock, fear and disbelief and then acceptance. He joins the group of dissidents to help others see the truth and reality of life. Knowing the truth doesn’t necessarily ‘set you free’ as we find out. A fellow dissident Cypher discovers the truth is hard and decides that ‘ignorance is bliss’. He negotiates a deal to deliver Morpheus in turn for his previous ‘life’. For Cypher, the truth was too much to handle, he liked the illusion of his previous life. Once Neo gains knowledge of he Matrix, he is able to discern between the truth and illusion and ascends to a higher level of understanding. He realizes that he can no longer blindly accept information received through his senses, but must requires answers to his questions. He like Descartes comes to the conclusion â€Å"I think, therefore I am†. The difference between the Matrix and Plato and Descartes is the movie gives Neo a way back to the physical real world whereas Plato and Descartes only suggest there is another reality and we are dreaming but doesn’t give us a way back. None of the notables address God within the realm of truth. God states he is the way of the light and the truth. We are challenged in our daily lives to live a real life.

How two chapters of Great Expectations reflect the influence of society :: Great Expectations Essays

How two chapters of Great Expectations reflect the influence of society in the time it was set. Charles Dickens is one of the most popular British novelists in the history of literature with many of his characters being recognised in British society today. His ability to combine pathos, comedy, and most of all, his social satire has won him many contemporary readers. Dickens was born in Portsmouth in 1812. At 12 he was sent to work for a few months at a shoe-polish warehouse on the banks of the Thames when his family hit financial difficulty. A few days later Dickens's father was sent to jail for debt. He recalled this painful experience in the early chapters of David Copperfield. While his father was imprisoned, all his family except himself and his sister, who was studying music, stayed at the Marshalsea Prison with his father, very much like the Dorrit family at the beginning of Little Dorrit. By the time he was 25 years old, Dickens was already famous. Dickens's life influenced his writing a lot, and many of the novels he wrote were based on real experiences during his lifetime. For example; in 1832 he met Marie Beadnell and wanted to marry her but she rejected him; the comic portrait of Flora Casby in Little Dorrit is said to have been inspired by Dickens's meeting with Maria again later in life. Dickens lived in Victorian times, times when there was a lot of focus on social class and status. Victorian society was, for all the change that was taking place, a stratified, hierarchical society with a great gap between rich and poor. In his childhood Dickens was part of a working class family who soon became low class due to their financial difficulty. But when he became an adult he was of high social class while his novels kept increasing in popularity and was earning him money all the time. Dickens had been from one end of society to the other and the contrast he saw was widely expressed in his novels. Victorian society had a constantly growing urban population, and with the pessimistic analyses of Thomas Malthus, this helped mould one of the most notorious Victorian institutions, the workhouse. This was based on a theoretical distinction between the "deserving" poor, who owed their poverty to misfortune, and the "undeserving" poor, who were to blame for their poverty: the workhouse was made as unpleasant as possible to deter the latter from seeking refuge there. Tight-fisted and callous administration made the institutions even worse, and the target of some of the bitterest controversial literature of Charles Dickens. Conditions gradually improved, but the dreaded "workhouse

Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf?

Edward Albee's â€Å"Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf† is a play based on illusions. Each character lives their life behind some sort of illusion whether it's based on their past, their marriage or their whole life. Each illusion presents a view into their personal lives and either connects or tears apart relationships in each character's life. George's life is surrounded by illusions. He never was able to succeed in anything he attempts and Martha finds joy in attacking him emotionally for this.He first wrote a novel which Martha's father refused to publish. The storyline is first brought up through him telling Nick a story from his adolescence. It's the story of his friend who kills both of his parents and ends up institutionalized. When it's brought up in Act 1 by Martha, she presents it by saying â€Å"†Well, Georgie boy had lots of big ambitions In spite of something funny in his past†¦ Which Georgie boy here turned into a novel†¦ His first attempt and his last†¦ † (149) This makes the reader question if maybe his friend was actually him.Regardless of who it was about, George is angry that Martha brought up his novel because it shows a weakness about him. The novel was one of his ways of escaping reality and even that was put down. He had hopes of his novel become a success and instead he has to live with Martha who insists on telling everyone that he is a â€Å"great†¦ big†¦ fat†¦ FLOP! † (93) The biggest illusion in George's own life is the mystery behind whether the tragic novel he wrote was an autobiographical story or just a piece of fiction.When Nick and Honey are introduced they seem young, vibrant and happy. Once Honey leaves the scene in Act 2 Nick tells George about an illusion that actually brought Nick to marry Honey. Nick tells George that he married Honey because she was pregnant and George questions him since he said earlier that he had no children. Nick tells him, â€Å"She wasn't real ly. It was a hysterical pregnancy. She blew up, and then she went down. †(104) Honey faked a pregnancy to make Nick marry her so their whole relationship is based on an illusion.He later reveals that Honey's family had a good amount of money and that is good enough reason to stay with her. Throughout the whole play Nick is shushing and talking over Honey. He is embarrassed of her simple-mindedness but deals with her because he is stuck with her.. George and Martha's son was a lie. George pushes her to talk about him and she glorifies him. Once she is done George shoots her down and kills him off using the same storyline as his novel. This shows the fiction and illusion behind their son.She is so heartbroken after there illusion is exposed that she doesn't know how to live without pretending she has a son. The illusion of their son gave them something to relate through. George was sick of pretending and realized that it was time to face the truth and begin actually living life without illusions. QUOTES â€Å"Isn’t tomorrow supposed to be his birthday or something? 76† â€Å"The one thing 241†Ã¢â‚¬ Whose afraid of Virginia Woolf? I am257† Why do people live behind illusions? Does it make life easier or in the end does it make it hurt more? Who is Virginia Woolf?

Do You Think Firms Have Any Responsibility to Society - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2787 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/09/23 Category Business Essay Type Argumentative essay Level High school Did you like this example? MBC 703 –CORPORATE FINANCE ACCOUNTS ASSIGNMENT: The Primary goal of a firm has been held out to be shareholder wealth maximization which translates to maximizing stock prices. In light of this statement, do you think firms have any responsibility to society? BY Akanji Emmanuel olusegun BSU/MS/MBA/08/3104 FACULTY OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCE MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (MBA) BENUE STATE UNIVERSITY MAKURDI. AUGUST,2010 1. 0 Introduction: The fundamental economic role of business is to make profit and to maximize shareholders wealth. Therefore, this primary objective is carried out in the society. Firms Operations are not performed in a vacuum but in an environment. Business Organizations are open system that must interact and respond to the environment. The performance of the Firm therefore is influence by the environment. The environment of business is made up of all the elements that are relevant to an organization’s operation though outside its control. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Do You Think Firms Have Any Responsibility to Society?" essay for you Create order This means that to survive in business environment, firm must anticipate, interact, act and react to environments to utilize the opportunities (maximizing Shareholder wealth) and avert the threats of not getting involve in(corporate social responsibilities) protect the interest of the societies. 1. 1 What is Corporate social responsibility? : Corporate social responsibility (CSR), also known as corporate responsibility, corporate citizenship, responsible business, sustainable responsible business (SRB), or corporate social performance, CSR is a form of corporate self-regulation integrated into a business model. Ideally, CSR policy would function as a built-in, self-regulating mechanism whereby business would monitor and ensure its support to law, ethical standards, and international norms. The definition of CSR used within an organization can vary from the strict stakeholder impacts definition used by many CSR advocates and will often include charitable efforts and volunteering. CSR may be based within the human resources, business development or public relations departments of an organisation, or may be given a separate unit reporting to the CEO or in some cases directly to the board. Some companies may implement CSR-type values without a clearly defined team or programme. Consequently, business would embrace responsibility for the impact of its activities on the environment, consumers, employees, communities, stakeholders and all other members of the public sphere. Furthermore, CSR-focused businesses would proactively promote the public interest by encouraging community growth and development, and voluntarily eliminating practices that harm the public sphere, regardless of legality. Essentially, CSR is the deliberate inclusion of public interest into corporate decision-making, and the honouring of a triple bottom line: People, Planet, Profit. Free market theory founded on liberal business ethos, presumably from Adam Smith: In the free marketplace, the essential (and ethical) aim for business leaders is to relentlessly pursue capital for their shareholders. The sole responsibility of business becomes simple: to facilitate the efficient allocation of economic resources and maximize shareholder wealth (i. e. become and remain as profitable as possible). Thus wealth creation transformed from selfish pursuit to â€Å"moral act. † Organized corporate responsibility programs not core function of business but seen ancillary to essential goal of profit-making This includes not only activities such a philanthropy, civic volunteerisms, and the like, but also â€Å"people centered† strategic public relations, such as Identifying and building mutually beneficia l relationships with publics, or Establishing and maintaining a favorable public reputation Sacconi(2004). 2. 0 CSR and Value Assertion Bansal(2000) stated that Corporate social responsibility are more than philanthropy, not just extraneous activity but should be core moral part of spectrum of obligations businesses address as part of society: in his word, he thought specifically about those decisions which managers face in the daily course of carrying out the firms normal business activities, but which carry inherent ethical connotations. Examples of these types of decisions would include those decisions regarding layoffs, plant closings, workplace safety, product safety, worker compensation, executive salaries, information disclosure, or the level of pollution emissions . 1 Business Decisions and Corporate social responsibility Because every business decision ultimately affects someone, the decision should be made responsibly. Public relations should play a vital role in decision making by pointing out the potential implications and consequences of all of the firms behaviors not only for the various stakeholders of the business but, in the long run, for the organization itself. Elements of Liberal Business Ethos †¢ Society is based on atomistic individual freedom, †¢ Individuals are exclusively self-interested; †¢ All relationships in economic society are by nature instrumental; Free markets are inherently stable and self-regulating; †¢ There is a natural division of labor between business and government; and †¢ The sole ethical responsibility of business is to maximize shareholder wealth (profits). Adam Smith credited with articulating basis for liberal business ethos in the Wealth of Nations: 2. 2 APPROACHES TO CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES An approach for CSR that is becoming more widely accepted is community-based development approach. In this approach, corporations work with local communities to better themselves. Often activities companies participate in are establishing education facilities for adults and Children, given scholarship and HIV/AIDS education programmes. The majority of these CSR projects are established in Nigeria by blue cheap companies such as Shell Nigeria in the Niger delta, Daimond bank Nigeria Plc –Building School Hostels Accommodation, AP oil, First bank Nigeria Plc to mention but a few. A more common approach of CSR is philanthropy. This includes monetary donations and aid given to local organizations and impoverished communities in developing countries. Some organization do not like this approach as it does not help build on the skills of the local people, whereas community-based development generally leads to more sustainable development. Another approach to CSR is to incorporate the CSR strategy directly into the business strategy of an organization. For instance, Diamond Bank Nigeria PLC in one of her product sponsor children to South Africa for maintaining some balances in their account. Another approach is garnering increasing corporate responsibility interest. This is called Creating Shared Value, or CSV. The shared value model is based on the idea that corporate success and social welfare are interdependent. A business needs a healthy, educated workforce, sustainable resources and adept government to compete effectively. For society to thrive, profitable and competitive businesses must be developed and supported to create income, wealth, tax revenues, and opportunities for philanthropy. CSV received global attention in the Harvard Business Review article Strategy Society: The Link between Competitive Advantage and Corporate Social Responsibility Michael(2000). Mark(1998) In his article provides insights and relevant examples of companies that have developed deep linkages between their business strategies and corporate social responsibility. Many approaches to CSR pit businesses against society, emphasizing the costs and limitations of compliance with externally imposed social and environmental standards. CSV acknowledges trade-offs between short-term profitability and social or environmental goals, but focuses more on the opportunities for competitive advantage from building a social value proposition 2. 3 Criticisms and concerns The practice of CSR is subject to much debate and criticism. Proponents argue that there is a strong business case for CSR, in that corporations benefit in multiple ways by operating with a perspective broader and longer than their own immediate, short-term profits. Critics argue that CSR distracts from the fundamental economic role of businesses; others argue that it is nothing more than superficial window-dressing; others yet argue that it is an attempt to pre-empt the role of governments as a watchdog over powerful multinational corporations. Corporate Social Responsibility has been redefined throughout the years. However, it essentially is titled to aid to an organizations mission as well as a guide to what the company stands for and will uphold to its consumers. Development Business ethics is one of the forms of applied ethics that examines ethical principles and moral or ethical problems that can arise in a business environment. CSR and the nature of business :Milton Friedman and others have argued that a corporations purpose is to maximize returns to its shareholders, and that since (in their view), only people can have social responsibilities, corporations are only responsible to their shareholders and not to society as a whole. Although they accept that corporations should obey the laws of the countries within which they work, they assert that corporations have no other obligation to society. Some people perceive CSR as incongruent with the very nature and purpose of business, and indeed a hindrance to free trade. Those who assert that CSR is contrasting with capitalism and are in favor of neoliberalism argue that improvements in health, longevity and/or infant mortality have been created by economic growth attributed to free enterprise. Critics of this argument perceive neoliberalism as opposed to the well-being of society and a hindrance to human freedom. They claim that the type of capitalism practiced in many developing countries is a form of economic and cultural imperialism, noting that these countries usually have fewer labor protections, and thus their citizens are at a higher risk of exploitation by multinational corporations. A wide variety of individuals and organizations operate in between these poles. For example, the REALeadership Alliance asserts that the business of leadership (be it corporate or otherwise) is to change the world for the better. Many religious and cultural traditions hold that the economy exists to serve human beings, so all economic entities have an obligation to society (e. g. Economic Justice for All). Moreover, as discussed above, many CSR proponents point out that CSR can significantly improve long-term corporate profitability because it reduces risks and inefficiencies while offering a host of potential benefits such as enhanced brand reputation and employee engagement. 2. 4 CSR and questionable motives Some critics believe that CSR programs are undertaken by companies such as British American Tobacco (BAT), the petroleum giant BP (well-known for its high-profile advertising campaigns on environmental aspects of its operations), and to distract the public from ethical questions posed by their core operations. They argue that some corporations start CSR programs for the commercial benefit they enjoy through raising their reputation with the public or with government. They suggest that corporations which exist solely to maximize profits are unable to advance the interests of society as a whole. Another concern is when companies claim to promote CSR and be committed to Sustainable Development whilst simultaneously engaging in harmful business practices. For example, since the 1970s, the McDonalds Corporations association with Ronald McDonald House has been viewed as CSR and relationship marketing. More recently, as CSR has become mainstream, the company has beefed up its CSR programs related to its labor, environmental and other practices All the same, in McDonalds Restaurants v Morris Steel, Lord Justices Pill, May and Keane ruled that it was fair comment to say that McDonalds employees worldwide do badly in terms of pay and onditions and true that if one eats enough McDonalds food, ones diet may well become high in fat etc. , with the very real risk of heart disease. Shell has a much-publicized CSR policy and was a pioneer in triple bottom line reporting, but this did not prevent the 2004 scandal concerning its misreporting of oil reserves, which seriously damaged its re putation and led to charges of hypocrisy. Since then, the Shell Foundation has become involved in many projects across the world, including a partnership with Marks and Spencer (UK) in three flower and fruit growing communities across Africa Gary (2004) Critics concerned with corporate hypocrisy and insincerity generally suggest that better governmental and international regulation and enforcement, rather than voluntary measures, are necessary to ensure that companies behave in a socially responsible manner. Others, such as Patricia Werhane argue that CSR should be looked more upon as a Corporate Moral Responsibility, and limit the reach of CSR by focusing more on direct impacts of the organization as viewed through a systems perspective to identify stakeholders Fields(2002). In the increasingly conscience-focused marketplaces of the 21st century, the demand for more ethical business processes and actions (known as ethicism) is increasing. Simultaneously, pressure is applied on industry to improve business ethics through new public initiatives and laws (e. g. higher UK road tax for higher-emission vehicles). The term CSR came in to common use in the early 1970s, after many multinational corporations formed, although it was seldom abbreviated. The term stakeholder, meaning those on whom an organizations activities have an impact, was used to describe corporate owners beyond shareholders as a result of an influential Freeman(1984). . 5 Potential business Impacts of CSR The scale and nature of the Impacts of CSR for an organization can vary depending on the nature of the enterprise, and are difficult to quantify, though there is a large body of literature exhorting business to adopt measures beyond financial ones found a correlation between social/environmental performance and financial performance. However, businesses may not be looking at short-run financial returns when developing their CSR strategy. A recent survey of 20,000 people in 20 countries offers some fascinating insights into the way consumers, and societies at large, perceive the social and environmental responsibilities of business. Corporate Social Responsibility Monitor 2001: Global Public Opinion on the Changing Role of Companies identifies those aspects of corporate practice that matter most to the general public. It also reveals some intriguing differences in priorities between different regions of the world. The survey was undertaken by Environics International, and involved interviews with around 1,000 people in each of 20 countries including the USA, Canada, Mexico, Britain, France, Germany, Japan, India, Russia and Nigeria. The key findings are as follows. 1. Significant numbers of investors take a companys social performance into consideration when making investment decisions 2. In wealthy countries, social responsibility makes a greater contribution to corporate reputation than brand image 3. Companies that ignore social responsibility place market share at risk 4. Views and behaviours of opinion leaders indicate that consumers social expectations of companies will continue to grow 5. North American consumers represent the most socially demanding market for companies 6. Two distinct groups of citizens, making up a third of the world, are engaged in pressurizing companies to assume greater social responsibility Human resources A CSR programme can be an aid to recruitment and retention, particularly within the competitive graduate student market. Potential recruits often ask about a firms CSR policy during an interview, and having a comprehensive policy can give an advantage. CSR can also help improve the perception of a company among its staff, particularly when staff can become involved through payroll giving, fundraising activities or community volunteering. See also Corporate Social Entrepreneurship, whereby CSR can also be driven by employees personal values, in addition to the more obvious economic and governmental drivers. What to Do? Articulate an alternative corporate ethical framework that places public relations into the core goals of socially responsible corporations. Public relations often perceived as attempt by cynical corporations to manipulate public opinion. Sadly true in some cases, but PR much more than this. 3. 0 Conclusion If Corporate Social Responsibilities(CSR) could become truly valued and supported by all Firm, it could become the foundation for a revised ethos between businesses and their societies all over the world. Such a revision should turn the invisible hand of business profitability into a visible and active hand of social prosperity. And businesses would be the better for it. . 0 Recommendations If corporate morality is to change into something less selfish and more humane, it should be guided by someone who values human relationships and be socially responsible too. Corporations must acknowledge that they are part of broader society and that publics in the society can have an impact on their achievements. Corporate Social Responsibilities(CSR) is based on publics, and publics are cultural constructs. Corporate Social Respo nsibilities , therefore, must take into account culture. REFERENCES: Baker, M. Companies in Crisis- What to do when it all goes wrong. Bansal, P. , R. Roth (2000). Why Companies Go Green: A model of Ecological Responsiveness. The Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 43, No. 4. Bulkeley, H. (2001). Governing Climate Change: The Politics and Risk Society. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, New Series, Vol. 26, No. 4. Davis Lewiz (2001) â€Å"Corporate Social Responsibility Monitor† Global Public Opinion on the Changing Role of Companies https://www. environicsinternational. com/ Fields, S. 2002). Sustainable Business Makes Dollars and Cents. Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol. 110, No. 3. Freeman K(1984). â€Å"Business and Corporate Social Responsibility† New York. Fry, L. W. , G. D. Keim, R. E. Meiners (1982). Corporate Contributions: Altruistic or for Profit? The Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 25, No. 1. Gary Woller, (2004) â€Å"Business Responsibility and Society- A Public Relation Perspective† Mark R. Kramer(1998), â€Å"V FSG Social Impact Advisors. † Kennedy School Harvard University. Michael E. Porter(2001) a leading authority on competitive strategy and head of the Institute for Strategy and Competitiveness at Harvard Business School Sacconi, L. (2004). A Social Contract Account for CSR as Extended Model of Corporate Governance (Part II): Compliance, Reputation and Reciprocity. Journal of Business Ethics, No. 11. Sullivan, N. ; R. Schiafo (2005). Talking Green, Acting Dirty (Op-Ed). New York Times, June 12, 2005. Sun, William (2010), How to Govern Corporations So They Serve the Public Good: A Theory of Corporate Governance Emergence, New York: Edwin Mellen, ISBN 9780773438637