Margaret Jones - Executed for Witchcraft, 1648

Known for: first person executed for witchcraft in Massachusetts Bay ColonyOccupation: midwife, herbalist, physicianDates: died June 15, 1648, executed as a witch in Charlestown (now part of Boston) Margaret Jones was hanged on an elm tree on June 15, 1648, after being convicted of witchcraft. The first known execution for witchcraft in New England was the year before: Alse (or Alice) Young in Connecticut. Her execution was reported in an Almanac published by Samuel Danforth, a Harvard College graduate who was then working as a tutor at Harvard. Samuels brother Thomas was a judge at the Salem witch trials in 1692. John Hale, who was later involved in the Salem witch trials as the minister in Beverley, Massachusetts, witnessed the execution of Margaret Jones when he was twelve years old. Rev. Hale was called to help Rev. Parris determine the cause of the strange happenings in his home in early 1692; he was later present at court hearings and executions, supportive of the courts actions. Later, he questioned the legality of the proceedings, and his postumously published book, A Modest Inquiry Into the Nature of Witchcraft, is one of the few sources for information about Margaret Jones. Source: Court Records We know about Margaret Jones from several sources. A court record notes that in April, 1648, a woman and her husband were confined and watched for signs of witchcraft, according to a course which hath ben taken in England for the discovery of witches. The officer was appointed to this task on April 18. Although the names of those watched were not mentioned, the subsequent events involving Margaret Jones and her husband Thomas lend credence to the conclusion that the husband and wife named were the Joneses. The court record shows: This court beinge desireows that the same course which hath ben taken in England for the discovery of witches, by watchinge, may also be taken here with the witch now in question, therefore doe order that a strict watch be set about her every night, that her husband be confined in a private roome, watched also. Winthrops Journal According to the journals of Governor Winthrop, who was a judge at the trial that convicted Margaret Jones, she was found to have caused pain and sickness and even deafness by her touch; she prescribed medicines (aniseed and liquors are mentioned) that had extraordinary violent effects; she warned that those who would not use her medicines would not heal, and that some so warned had had relapses that could not be treated; and she had foretold things that she had no way to know about. Further, two signs usually ascribed to witches were found: the witchs mark or witchs teat, and being seen with a child who, on further investigation, vanished -- the assumption was that such an apparition was a spirit. Winthrop also reported a very great tempest at Connecticut at the very time of her execution, which people interpreted as confirming that she was truly a witch. Winthrops journal entry is reproduced below. At this court one Margaret Jones of Charlestown was indict- ed and found guilty of witchcraft, and hanged for it. The evidence against her was,1. that she was found to have such a malignant touch, as many persons, (men, women, and children,) whom she stroked or touched with any affection or displeasure, or, etc., were taken with deafness, or vomiting, or other violent pains or sickness,2. she practising physic, and her medicines being such things as (by her own confession) were harmless, as aniseed, liquors, etc., yet had extraordinary violent effects,3. she would use to tell such as would not make use of her physic, that they would never be healed, and accordingly their diseases and hurts continued, with relapse against the ordinary course, and beyond the apprehension of all physicians and surgeons,4. some things which she foretold came to pass accordingly; other things she could tell of (as secret speeches, etc.) which she had no ordinary means to come to the knowledge of,5. she ha d (upon search) an apparent teat in her secret parts as fresh as if it had been newly sucked, and after it had been scanned, upon a forced search, that was withered, and another began on the opposite side,6. in the prison, in the clear day-light, there was seen in her arms, she sitting on the floor, and her clothes up, etc., a little child, which ran from her into another room, and the officer following it, it was vanished. The like child was seen in two other places, to which she had relation; and one maid that saw it, fell sick upon it, and was cured by the said Margaret, who used means to be employed to that end.Her behavior at her trial was very intemperate, lying notoriously, and railing upon the jury and witnesses, etc., and in the like distemper she died. The same day and hour she was executed, there was a very great tempest at Connecticut, which blew down many trees, etc.Source: Winthrops Journal, History of New England 1630-1649. Volume 2. John Winthrop. Edited by James Ken dall Hosmer. New York, 1908. A Nineteenth Century History In the mid-19th century, Samuel Gardner Drake wrote about the case of Margaret Jones, including more information about what may have happened to her husband: The first Execution for Witchcraft in the Colony of Massachusetts Bay, was at Boston on the 15th of June, 1648. Accusations were probably common long before this, but now came a tangible Case, and it was carried through with as much Satisfaction to the Authorities, apparently, as ever the Indians burnt a Prisoner at the Stake.The Victim was a Female named Margaret Jones, the Wife of Thomas Jones of Charlestown, who perished on the Gallows, as much for her good Offices, as for the evil Influences imputed to her. She had been, like many other Mothers among the early Settlers, a Physician; but being once suspected of Witchcraft, was found to have such a malignant Touch, as many Persons were taken with Deafness, or Vomiting, or other violent Pains or Sickness. Her Medicines, though harmless in themselves, yet had extraordinary violent Effects; that such as refused her Medicines, she would tell that they would never be healed, and accordingly their Diseases and Hurts continued, with Relap se against the ordinary Course, and beyond the Apprehension of all Physicians and Surgeons. And as she lay in Prison, a little Child was seen to run from her into another Room, and being followed by an Officer, it was vanished. There was other Testimony against her more ridiculous than this, but not necessary to be recited. To make her Case as bad as possible, the Record or it says her Behaviour at her Trials was intemperate, lying notoriously, and railing upon the Jury and Witnesses, and that in like Distemper she died. It is not unlikely that this poor forsake Woman was distracted with Indignation at the Utterances of the false Witnesses, when she saw her Life was sworn away by them. The deluded Court denounced her frantick Denial of the Charges as lying notoriously. And in the probably honest Belief in Witchcraft, the same Recorder says, in the most complacent Credulity, that the same Day and Hour she was executed, there was a very great Tempest at Connecticut, which blew down ma ny Trees, c. Another equally credulous Gentleman, writing a Letter to a Friend, dated at Boston on the 13th of the same Month, says: The Witche is condemned, and to be hanged Tomorrow, being Lecture Day.Whether there were any other suspected Persons at the time Margaret Jones was prosecuted, we have no Means of ascertaining, yet it is more than propable that a supposed Spirit of Darkness had been whispering in the Ears of the Men in Authority in Boston; for about a Month before the Execution of Margaret, they had passed this Order: The Courte desire the Course which hath been takin in England for Discovery of Witches, by watching them a certina Time. It is ordered, that the best and surest Way may forthwith be put in Practice; to being this Night, if it may be, being the 18th of the third Month, and that the Husband may be confined to a private Roome, and be also then watched.That the Court was stirred up to ferret out Witches, by the late Successes in that Business in England, -- s everal Persons having been tried, condemned and executed in Feversham about two Years before -- is not improbable. By the Course which hath been taken in England for the Discovery of Witches, the Court had References to the Employment of Witch-Finders, one Matthew Hopkins having had great Success. By his infernal Pretensions some scores of innocent bewildered People met violent Deaths at the Hands of the Executioner, all along from 1634 to 1646. But to return to the Case of Margaret Jones. She having gone down to an ignominious Grave, leaving her Husband to suffer the Taunts and Jeers of the ignorant Multitude, escaped further Prosecution. These were so insufferable that his Means of Living were cut off, and he was compelled to try to seek another Asylum. A ship was lying in the Harbor bound for Barbadoes. In this he took Passage. But he was not thus to escape Persecution. On this Ship of 300 Tons were eighty Horses. These caused the Vessel to roll considerably perhaps heavily, wich to Persons of any Sea Experience would have been no Miracle. But Mr. Jones was a Witch, a Warrant was sued out for his Apprehension, and he was hurried thence to Prison, and there left by the Recorder of the Account, who has left his Readers in Ignorance of what became of him. Whether he were the Thomas Joanes of Elzing, who in 1637 took Passage at Yarmouth for New England, cannot be positively stated, although he is probably the same Person. If so, his Age at that Time was 25 Years, and he married subsequently.Samuel Gardner Drake. Annals of Witchcraft in New England, and Elsewhere in the United States, From Their First Settlement. 1869. Capitalization as in the original. Another Nineteenth Century Analysis Also in 1869, William Frederick Poole reacted to the account of the Salem witch trials by Charles Upham. Poole noted that Uphams thesis was largely that Cotton Mather was at fault for the Salem witch trials, to gain glory and out of gullibility, and used the case of Margaret Jones (among other cases) to show that witch executions did not begin with Cotton Mather. Here are excerpts from the section of that article addressing Margaret Jones: In New England, the earliest witch execution of which any details have been preserved was that of Margaret Jones, of Charlestown, in June, 1648. Governor Winthrop presided at the trial, signed the death-warrant, and wrote the report of the case in his journal. No indictment, process, or other evidence in the case can be found, unless it be an order of the General Court of May 10, 1648, a certain woman, not named, and her husband, be confined and watched.... [Poole inserts the transcript, shown above, of Winthrops journal] ...The facts in relation to Margaret Jones seem to be, that she was a strong-minded woman, with a will of her own, and undertook, with simple remedies, to practise as a female physician. Were she living in our day, she would brandish a diploma of M. D. from the New England Female Medical College, would annually refuse to pay her city taxes unless she had the right to vote, and would make speeches at the meetings of the Universal Suffrage Association. Her touch seeme d to be attended with mesmeric powers. Her character and abilities rather commend themselves to our respect. She made anise-seed and good liquors do the good work of huge doses of calomel and Epsom salts, or their equivalents. Her predictions as to the termination of cases treated in the heroic method proved to be true. Who knows but that she practiced homoeopathy? The regulars pounced upon her as a witch, as the monks did upon Faustus for printing the first edition of the Bible, -- put her and her husband into jail, -- set rude men to watch her day and night, -- subjected her person to indignities unmentionable, -- and, with the assistance of Winthrop and the magistrates, hanged her, -- and all this only fifteen years before Cotton Mather, the credulous, was born!William Frederick Poole. Cotton Mather and Salem Witchcraft North American Review, April, 1869. Complete article is on pages 337-397.

My Family Has A Big Influence On The Language - 1022 Words

Family ties My family has a big influence on the language I use when I am with them, and even when I am not. If I do say so myself my family is rather very funny and we all just have a really great since of humor. A lot of the time we are just joking around or poking fun at one another, in a loving way of course. The relationship I have with my siblings is very important to me that relationship has really helped shape my everyday language. Most of the words or phrase I use in the family setting are from television shows, movies, or just things someone in my house has said before that is now constantly reoccurring. â€Å"Hey Assbutt!!† (â€Å"Swan Song†) My sister and I really love television, and binge watching shows together. I lot of the time we hear things that just really stick with us, and we can not help but incorporate them into our daily lives. â€Å"Hey assbutt† is from the show supernatural, Castel a fallen angel says this to a demon right before he kills him to save Dean Winchester. In the show they make fun of Castel for saying this, which makes it all the more funny. I use this when I am greeting my sister sometimes or in a situation were I need her attention. An example sentence would be something like, â€Å"Hey assbutt get down here!† When I say this in a setting that is not around my sister people usually do not understand, and some even seem offended, so I typically keep this term between my sister and I. â€Å"Then why don’t you sell me and buy a rabbit instead?† (Lilo andShow MoreRelatedPersuasive Essay On Vietnamese Language1298 Words   |  6 PagesVietnamese language, the focus is on the reasons behind why the younger generations of Vietnamese American--particularly 2.0 and up-- are becoming less fluent with their mothers tongue. In our research, we also found possible solutions parents can try to help their children maintain the ability to communicate in Vietnamese. The discussion on retaining Vietnamese language is not just through spoken language, but also the children writing ability. 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Market Cultural Report on Singapore-Free-Samples for Students

Question: You are required to prepare a Market Cultural report on a country of your choosing. Answer: Introduction A market culture is considered as the corporate culture that enhances the competition not only between the organizations but also between employees. The effect of culture on marketing effectiveness is dependent upon the behaviour within an organization (Nakata, 2009). This report will focus on the market cultural report on Singapore. An analysis will be done on various factors regarding culture of Singapore, focusing on their some specific culture by using Hofstedes culture dimension. Hofstedes cultural dimension is a theory of cross-cultural communication which is developed by Greet Hofstede. It will be helpful to define the effects of a culture of society and the value of its members. Secondary data will be helpful for evaluating the culture of Singapore as well as America. Rational for choosing Singapore There are various reasons to choose the Singapore. It is an Island city-state off southern Malaysia, is a worldwide global centre. The main reason to choose this country is that it has multicultural population. However, the population of the Singapore is 5.607 million in 2016. It has been analyzed that immigration is an essential component of Singapores short demographic history and aided shaped the acceptance of substantial immigration in current times. The culture of Singapore is combination of Asian and European cultures (Hui, Wan Ho, 2007). The openness of Singapore to global trade and investment and its effective regulatory environment motivate vibrate cultural activity. It is a democratic state which is governed by only one party, the People Actions Party (PAP), since 1965. It is considered as the most prosperous nation in all over the world. However, the economy of Singapore is dominating towards it services but it is the major manufacturer of electronic and chemicals. It has been evaluated that the business of Singapore is greatly influenced due to low-skilled labor and lower labor cost which put negative impact on the business in the form of delaying business operations (Chia, 2011). Cultural analysis of the host country (America) The United States of America is featured as the home of the brave and the land of the free. A culture of the country is transmitted in a various ways starting with recruitment and migration. The culture of America is evolved with various ethnic, regional and political influences. It is conventionally considered as a Western Culture. It is based on the British Culture which is impacted by Europe and the indigenous people. It has been analyzed that due to having magnitudes in American culture, there are several integrated but exclusive subcultures exist within USA (F?rat, 2013). Unique cultural components There are major three unique cultural components of Unites States of America. These are mentioned below: (a) The apparent artifacts (b) The adopted values (c) The ratified values that facilitated it develop and progress from an abounding diversity of origins and influence. The apparent artifacts It encompasses social spectacles, linguistic, symbols and ceremonies that characterized the life which involves tales, lingo and legends. There are two well-known examples of the apparent aircraft that dominant the culture of America are the sign of Bald Eagle and another is distinguished with red, white and blue of the national flag of country. Figure 1: the national flag of USA Source: (Lair, 2012). The adopted values The next section linked with American culture is the diversity of the people that adopt the varieties of values which involve the strategies, aim and philosophies. People from different culture express their conducts and principles distinctive as per their specific type of social, ethnic and age group. It is the country which is well known to attract many people to accomplish their goal. There are so many immigrants in this country that arrives to live the better quality life (imberov, 2007). Their customs and adopted values are considered as the contributing factors to the huge variety of sub cultural impact in America. The ratified values It is the last level of apparent that influence the culture of US by the dominant ratified values. For instance, one early explaining characteristics of the America as a nation was its ratified values of slavery. There are so many Americans who are aware about the inequalities that remain in the nation. It has been analyzed that their separated principles were proofed in the recent United State Presidential Election (Lair, 2012). Business culture of the host country Business culture is considered as the system of norms and values that are shared among a group of people in the term of constitute a design for living. America offers the wider consumer market to consumer market on earth with a population of 325 million. The businessman of the America are task oriented, they get a goal in the mind and working until attaining it. The business culture of America is different from other country because it follows strict policy during working hours towards achieving the goal and adopts the behaviour of leniency in leisure (Halac, Biloslavo Bulut, 2013). As per the US law, women get equal opportunity as men and get special benefitted from their company. America is such a melting pot of cultures and religions that is why it is hard to know the rules of that how one conduct oneself in public (Samaha, Beck Palmatier, 2014). It has been analyzed that the federal income tax in the country is increasing of up to 40% of total taxable income. Differs from Singapore The business culture of USA is entirely differing from Singapore. There are various elements which is the base of difference between the business culture of Singapore and the business culture of USA. These elements are described below: Economic overview The U.S. has the largest consumer market in all over the world. In addition, US have the free trade agreements with number of countries that enhance the access to hundreds of millions of supplementary consumers. On the other hand the activities in the manufacturing and the services sector are accountable to support the economy of Singapore. Business environment As per the World Bank doing business report, the US has slipped to the 8th position from 4th position in 2017. On the hand the position of Singapore is 2nd in all over the world due to its pro-business environment. Each state of America has its own laws and legislation and the legal system of Singapore is based on the English Common Law. Workforce Women are found as major part of the labor force in both jurisdictions. It has been analyzed that the labor force of women in the U.S. is 47% and 46% in Singapore approximately. Business language English is the language which is used in both jurisdictions. Spanish is the second most common language in the U.S. On the other hand, English is most common language in Singapore which is used in legislation and business in Singapore. Income and corporate tax Federal income tax in U.S. is amplifying up to 40% of taxable income while the progressive rate of tax for personal income is 22%. Federal corporate tax in U.S. differs from 15% to 35% if taxable income goes beyond $335,000. On the other hand the rate of corporate tax in Singapore is 17%. Figure 2: Country Ranking Source: Guide Me. (2017). Impact of unique cultures international business The unique culture defines a variety of culture, ethics, religions, languages and trends. The impact of unique culture on international business is effective because when a number of group from different country or religion gather for fulfilling the same purpose, it brings the different ideas for the growth of the particular business (Tfekci, Papatya Papatya, 2014). Organizational hierarchy towards management roles can also diverge extensively between cultures. Hofstedes cultural dimensions Hofstedes cultural dimension theory comprises a framework revolving around cross-cultural communication, which was introduced by Geert Hofstede. It is helpful to explain the relationship between the values of the members and behaviour. It is helpful to know the factors in order to operate effectively in the America. There are six cultural dimension of Hofstede framework such as power distance index, Individualism Versus Collectivism, Uncertainty Avoidance Index, indulgence Versus Restraint, Masculinity Versus Femininity and Pragmatic Versus Normative. It has been analyzed that the culture is learned by an individual while the nature of human is inherited. It has been found that the person within all cultures have different perception, values, beliefs, values and preferences. Power distance index explains the degree of inequality that exists between people with and without power. It is categorized in low PDI and high PDI. It has been found that the power distance score of America is 63.83 which place them on the average rate with the world. The business in America would be benefitted because it has the good power to operate the business (Saleem Larimo, 2017). IDV refers to the strength of the ties that people have to others within their community. It has been analyzed that the IDV score of America is low. In the context of effective business, the business need to consider the respect for privacy and maintain the harmony in among workers to overrides other moral issues. Masculinity Versus Femininity defines the allocation of rules and responsibility among men and women (Al-Mohammad, Akroush Lutfi Odetallah, 2014). The score of US on Masculinity is 62 which are high, and this can be looked in the behavioral pattern of American. Uncertainty Avoidance Index introduce that how people can cope with anxiety in better manner. The score UAI of US is low that is 46, on the basis of uncertainty avoidance dimension. It has been analyzed that business need to consider acceptance of new ideas and innovative concepts to attain the objectives within time frame (Soares, Farhangmehr Shoham, 2007). As per Hofstede, the score of PVN of US is 26 which reflect that they believe in fact and analyze the situation in an effective manner before experiment. The business need to focus on long term goal and should plan in an efficient manner. Indulgence is the dimension of Hofstede that defines the extent to which people try to prevent their desires. The score of this dimension of America is 68. After evaluating the various elements of Hofstedes cultural dimension, business needs to consider towards managing the cultural difference as part of human resource management (Bakir, Blodgett, Vitell Rose, 2015). It can be done by recruiti ng, target setting, training and appraisal. Thus, it has been cleared that Singapore can get success if it understands the culture of America in efficient manner. Conclusion In the limelight of above discussion, it has been concluded that the cultural difference is advantageous for the country because it brings the different ideas and views from different country. The combination of unique culture in America helps them to understand their place in the global market. On the other hand the culture of Singapore is effective and the difference between culture of America and Singapore has been mentioned in this report. The theory of Hofstedes cultural dimension has been facilitated to know the factors for which business is required to consider operating effectively in the country of America. References Al-Mohammad, S., Akroush, M., Lutfi Odetallah, A. (2014). Marketing culture and business performance: Re-examination of Webster's marketing culture measurement scale.Marketing Intelligence Planning,32(7), 794-822. Bakir, A., Blodgett, J. G., Vitell, S. J., Rose, G. M. (2015). A preliminary investigation of the reliability and validity of Hofstedes cross cultural dimensions. InProceedings of the 2000 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference(pp. 226-232). Springer, Cham. Chia, S. Y. (2011). Foreign Labor in Singapore: Rationale, Policies, Impacts, and Issues. Philippine Journal of Development Number 70, First and Second Semesters 2011 Volume XXXVIII, Numbers 1 2.G F?rat, A. F. (2013). Marketing: culture institutionalized.Journal of Macromarketing,33(1), 78-82. Guide Me. (2017). Doing Business - Singapore vs United States of America. Retrieved on 16th November, 2017, from: https://www.guidemesingapore.com/why-singapore/usa/doing-business---singapore-vs-usa. Halac, D. S., Biloslavo, R., Bulut, . (2013). Marketing Culture and Perceived Customer Satisfaction in Non-Profit Service Organizations.Bogazici Journal: Review of Social, Economic Administrative Studies,27(2). Hui, T. K., Wan, D., Ho, A. (2007). Tourists satisfaction, recommendation and revisiting Singapore.Tourism management,28(4), 965-975. Lair, M. (2012). A cultural analysis of the United States. Retrieved on 16th November, 2017, from: https://mayrsom.com/2012/12/24/a-cultural-analysis-of-the-united-states/. Nakata, C. (Ed.). (2009).Beyond Hofstede: Culture frameworks for global marketing and management. Springer. Saleem, S., Larimo, J. (2017). Hofstede cultural framework and advertising research: An assessment of the literature. InAdvances in Advertising Research (Vol. VII)(pp. 247-263). Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden. Samaha, S. A., Beck, J. T., Palmatier, R. W. (2014). The role of culture in international relationship marketing.Journal of Marketing,78(5), 78-98. imberov, I. (2007). Internal marketing as a part of marketing culture supporting value for external customer.Economics Management. Soares, A. M., Farhangmehr, M., Shoham, A. (2007). Hofstede's dimensions of culture in international marketing studies.Journal of business research,60(3), 277-284. Tfekci, . K., Papatya, N., Papatya, G. (2014). The effect of brand culture on the capability to create brand identity under sports marketing intelligence: A practice in football base associations of Western Mediterranean region.American International Journal of Social Science,3(2), 191-202.

The play Sorry wrong Number Essay Example

The play Sorry wrong Number Paper Lucille Fletcher wrote the play, Sorry, Wrong Number.Originally a radio play, this story provides a mental picture for the reader and still giving the allusion of fear and surprise.The main character, Mrs. Stevenson, in the play ends up depending on her only source of communication to the outside world, her phone!Sorry, Wrong Number is a play that shows the distortion of humor as well as the unaware accepts of homicide. All alone, Mrs. Stevenson has just placed a call trying to get a hold of her husband.This is when it is revealed to the reader about Mrs. Stevensons ill condition. After being asked a second time, the operator again tries to dial the number of her husbands job but by some weird twist of fate, the line ends up being incorrectly dialed.Mrs. Stevenson not deliberate of what just happened, tries and speaks but no one can hear her.She happens to overhear two men plotting to kill an elderly woman.They plain to do this around the time of eleven o clock.Then as fast as the c onversation came into her receiver, it disconnected, only leaving her with a bland buzzing signal.Devastated by what just happened, Mrs. Stevenson calls the operator back to try and report what just took place.The operator can not do much and decides to connect Mrs. Stevenson to her superior.The chief operator tells Mrs. Stevenson that she needs to contact the police because the situation is tot! al out of her hands.After being connected to the police department, Mrs. Stevenson becomes every agitated at the fact that everyone is just brushing the problem away as if the phone conversation never really happened.A long and stressful night of fearing for another womans life, she soon finds out that it is really her life that is in danger but by this time it is too late! Mrs. Stevenson is a caring and yet ignorant person.Her compassion for this complete stranger is what really gives this story its edge.