How two chapters of Great Expectations reflect the influence of society :: Great Expectations Essays

How two chapters of Great Expectations reflect the influence of society in the time it was set. Charles Dickens is one of the most popular British novelists in the history of literature with many of his characters being recognised in British society today. His ability to combine pathos, comedy, and most of all, his social satire has won him many contemporary readers. Dickens was born in Portsmouth in 1812. At 12 he was sent to work for a few months at a shoe-polish warehouse on the banks of the Thames when his family hit financial difficulty. A few days later Dickens's father was sent to jail for debt. He recalled this painful experience in the early chapters of David Copperfield. While his father was imprisoned, all his family except himself and his sister, who was studying music, stayed at the Marshalsea Prison with his father, very much like the Dorrit family at the beginning of Little Dorrit. By the time he was 25 years old, Dickens was already famous. Dickens's life influenced his writing a lot, and many of the novels he wrote were based on real experiences during his lifetime. For example; in 1832 he met Marie Beadnell and wanted to marry her but she rejected him; the comic portrait of Flora Casby in Little Dorrit is said to have been inspired by Dickens's meeting with Maria again later in life. Dickens lived in Victorian times, times when there was a lot of focus on social class and status. Victorian society was, for all the change that was taking place, a stratified, hierarchical society with a great gap between rich and poor. In his childhood Dickens was part of a working class family who soon became low class due to their financial difficulty. But when he became an adult he was of high social class while his novels kept increasing in popularity and was earning him money all the time. Dickens had been from one end of society to the other and the contrast he saw was widely expressed in his novels. Victorian society had a constantly growing urban population, and with the pessimistic analyses of Thomas Malthus, this helped mould one of the most notorious Victorian institutions, the workhouse. This was based on a theoretical distinction between the "deserving" poor, who owed their poverty to misfortune, and the "undeserving" poor, who were to blame for their poverty: the workhouse was made as unpleasant as possible to deter the latter from seeking refuge there. Tight-fisted and callous administration made the institutions even worse, and the target of some of the bitterest controversial literature of Charles Dickens. Conditions gradually improved, but the dreaded "workhouse

Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf?

Edward Albee's â€Å"Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf† is a play based on illusions. Each character lives their life behind some sort of illusion whether it's based on their past, their marriage or their whole life. Each illusion presents a view into their personal lives and either connects or tears apart relationships in each character's life. George's life is surrounded by illusions. He never was able to succeed in anything he attempts and Martha finds joy in attacking him emotionally for this.He first wrote a novel which Martha's father refused to publish. The storyline is first brought up through him telling Nick a story from his adolescence. It's the story of his friend who kills both of his parents and ends up institutionalized. When it's brought up in Act 1 by Martha, she presents it by saying â€Å"†Well, Georgie boy had lots of big ambitions In spite of something funny in his past†¦ Which Georgie boy here turned into a novel†¦ His first attempt and his last†¦ † (149) This makes the reader question if maybe his friend was actually him.Regardless of who it was about, George is angry that Martha brought up his novel because it shows a weakness about him. The novel was one of his ways of escaping reality and even that was put down. He had hopes of his novel become a success and instead he has to live with Martha who insists on telling everyone that he is a â€Å"great†¦ big†¦ fat†¦ FLOP! † (93) The biggest illusion in George's own life is the mystery behind whether the tragic novel he wrote was an autobiographical story or just a piece of fiction.When Nick and Honey are introduced they seem young, vibrant and happy. Once Honey leaves the scene in Act 2 Nick tells George about an illusion that actually brought Nick to marry Honey. Nick tells George that he married Honey because she was pregnant and George questions him since he said earlier that he had no children. Nick tells him, â€Å"She wasn't real ly. It was a hysterical pregnancy. She blew up, and then she went down. †(104) Honey faked a pregnancy to make Nick marry her so their whole relationship is based on an illusion.He later reveals that Honey's family had a good amount of money and that is good enough reason to stay with her. Throughout the whole play Nick is shushing and talking over Honey. He is embarrassed of her simple-mindedness but deals with her because he is stuck with her.. George and Martha's son was a lie. George pushes her to talk about him and she glorifies him. Once she is done George shoots her down and kills him off using the same storyline as his novel. This shows the fiction and illusion behind their son.She is so heartbroken after there illusion is exposed that she doesn't know how to live without pretending she has a son. The illusion of their son gave them something to relate through. George was sick of pretending and realized that it was time to face the truth and begin actually living life without illusions. QUOTES â€Å"Isn’t tomorrow supposed to be his birthday or something? 76† â€Å"The one thing 241†Ã¢â‚¬ Whose afraid of Virginia Woolf? I am257† Why do people live behind illusions? Does it make life easier or in the end does it make it hurt more? Who is Virginia Woolf?

Do You Think Firms Have Any Responsibility to Society - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2787 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/09/23 Category Business Essay Type Argumentative essay Level High school Did you like this example? MBC 703 –CORPORATE FINANCE ACCOUNTS ASSIGNMENT: The Primary goal of a firm has been held out to be shareholder wealth maximization which translates to maximizing stock prices. In light of this statement, do you think firms have any responsibility to society? BY Akanji Emmanuel olusegun BSU/MS/MBA/08/3104 FACULTY OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCE MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (MBA) BENUE STATE UNIVERSITY MAKURDI. AUGUST,2010 1. 0 Introduction: The fundamental economic role of business is to make profit and to maximize shareholders wealth. Therefore, this primary objective is carried out in the society. Firms Operations are not performed in a vacuum but in an environment. Business Organizations are open system that must interact and respond to the environment. The performance of the Firm therefore is influence by the environment. The environment of business is made up of all the elements that are relevant to an organization’s operation though outside its control. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Do You Think Firms Have Any Responsibility to Society?" essay for you Create order This means that to survive in business environment, firm must anticipate, interact, act and react to environments to utilize the opportunities (maximizing Shareholder wealth) and avert the threats of not getting involve in(corporate social responsibilities) protect the interest of the societies. 1. 1 What is Corporate social responsibility? : Corporate social responsibility (CSR), also known as corporate responsibility, corporate citizenship, responsible business, sustainable responsible business (SRB), or corporate social performance, CSR is a form of corporate self-regulation integrated into a business model. Ideally, CSR policy would function as a built-in, self-regulating mechanism whereby business would monitor and ensure its support to law, ethical standards, and international norms. The definition of CSR used within an organization can vary from the strict stakeholder impacts definition used by many CSR advocates and will often include charitable efforts and volunteering. CSR may be based within the human resources, business development or public relations departments of an organisation, or may be given a separate unit reporting to the CEO or in some cases directly to the board. Some companies may implement CSR-type values without a clearly defined team or programme. Consequently, business would embrace responsibility for the impact of its activities on the environment, consumers, employees, communities, stakeholders and all other members of the public sphere. Furthermore, CSR-focused businesses would proactively promote the public interest by encouraging community growth and development, and voluntarily eliminating practices that harm the public sphere, regardless of legality. Essentially, CSR is the deliberate inclusion of public interest into corporate decision-making, and the honouring of a triple bottom line: People, Planet, Profit. Free market theory founded on liberal business ethos, presumably from Adam Smith: In the free marketplace, the essential (and ethical) aim for business leaders is to relentlessly pursue capital for their shareholders. The sole responsibility of business becomes simple: to facilitate the efficient allocation of economic resources and maximize shareholder wealth (i. e. become and remain as profitable as possible). Thus wealth creation transformed from selfish pursuit to â€Å"moral act. † Organized corporate responsibility programs not core function of business but seen ancillary to essential goal of profit-making This includes not only activities such a philanthropy, civic volunteerisms, and the like, but also â€Å"people centered† strategic public relations, such as Identifying and building mutually beneficia l relationships with publics, or Establishing and maintaining a favorable public reputation Sacconi(2004). 2. 0 CSR and Value Assertion Bansal(2000) stated that Corporate social responsibility are more than philanthropy, not just extraneous activity but should be core moral part of spectrum of obligations businesses address as part of society: in his word, he thought specifically about those decisions which managers face in the daily course of carrying out the firms normal business activities, but which carry inherent ethical connotations. Examples of these types of decisions would include those decisions regarding layoffs, plant closings, workplace safety, product safety, worker compensation, executive salaries, information disclosure, or the level of pollution emissions . 1 Business Decisions and Corporate social responsibility Because every business decision ultimately affects someone, the decision should be made responsibly. Public relations should play a vital role in decision making by pointing out the potential implications and consequences of all of the firms behaviors not only for the various stakeholders of the business but, in the long run, for the organization itself. Elements of Liberal Business Ethos †¢ Society is based on atomistic individual freedom, †¢ Individuals are exclusively self-interested; †¢ All relationships in economic society are by nature instrumental; Free markets are inherently stable and self-regulating; †¢ There is a natural division of labor between business and government; and †¢ The sole ethical responsibility of business is to maximize shareholder wealth (profits). Adam Smith credited with articulating basis for liberal business ethos in the Wealth of Nations: 2. 2 APPROACHES TO CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES An approach for CSR that is becoming more widely accepted is community-based development approach. In this approach, corporations work with local communities to better themselves. Often activities companies participate in are establishing education facilities for adults and Children, given scholarship and HIV/AIDS education programmes. The majority of these CSR projects are established in Nigeria by blue cheap companies such as Shell Nigeria in the Niger delta, Daimond bank Nigeria Plc –Building School Hostels Accommodation, AP oil, First bank Nigeria Plc to mention but a few. A more common approach of CSR is philanthropy. This includes monetary donations and aid given to local organizations and impoverished communities in developing countries. Some organization do not like this approach as it does not help build on the skills of the local people, whereas community-based development generally leads to more sustainable development. Another approach to CSR is to incorporate the CSR strategy directly into the business strategy of an organization. For instance, Diamond Bank Nigeria PLC in one of her product sponsor children to South Africa for maintaining some balances in their account. Another approach is garnering increasing corporate responsibility interest. This is called Creating Shared Value, or CSV. The shared value model is based on the idea that corporate success and social welfare are interdependent. A business needs a healthy, educated workforce, sustainable resources and adept government to compete effectively. For society to thrive, profitable and competitive businesses must be developed and supported to create income, wealth, tax revenues, and opportunities for philanthropy. CSV received global attention in the Harvard Business Review article Strategy Society: The Link between Competitive Advantage and Corporate Social Responsibility Michael(2000). Mark(1998) In his article provides insights and relevant examples of companies that have developed deep linkages between their business strategies and corporate social responsibility. Many approaches to CSR pit businesses against society, emphasizing the costs and limitations of compliance with externally imposed social and environmental standards. CSV acknowledges trade-offs between short-term profitability and social or environmental goals, but focuses more on the opportunities for competitive advantage from building a social value proposition 2. 3 Criticisms and concerns The practice of CSR is subject to much debate and criticism. Proponents argue that there is a strong business case for CSR, in that corporations benefit in multiple ways by operating with a perspective broader and longer than their own immediate, short-term profits. Critics argue that CSR distracts from the fundamental economic role of businesses; others argue that it is nothing more than superficial window-dressing; others yet argue that it is an attempt to pre-empt the role of governments as a watchdog over powerful multinational corporations. Corporate Social Responsibility has been redefined throughout the years. However, it essentially is titled to aid to an organizations mission as well as a guide to what the company stands for and will uphold to its consumers. Development Business ethics is one of the forms of applied ethics that examines ethical principles and moral or ethical problems that can arise in a business environment. CSR and the nature of business :Milton Friedman and others have argued that a corporations purpose is to maximize returns to its shareholders, and that since (in their view), only people can have social responsibilities, corporations are only responsible to their shareholders and not to society as a whole. Although they accept that corporations should obey the laws of the countries within which they work, they assert that corporations have no other obligation to society. Some people perceive CSR as incongruent with the very nature and purpose of business, and indeed a hindrance to free trade. Those who assert that CSR is contrasting with capitalism and are in favor of neoliberalism argue that improvements in health, longevity and/or infant mortality have been created by economic growth attributed to free enterprise. Critics of this argument perceive neoliberalism as opposed to the well-being of society and a hindrance to human freedom. They claim that the type of capitalism practiced in many developing countries is a form of economic and cultural imperialism, noting that these countries usually have fewer labor protections, and thus their citizens are at a higher risk of exploitation by multinational corporations. A wide variety of individuals and organizations operate in between these poles. For example, the REALeadership Alliance asserts that the business of leadership (be it corporate or otherwise) is to change the world for the better. Many religious and cultural traditions hold that the economy exists to serve human beings, so all economic entities have an obligation to society (e. g. Economic Justice for All). Moreover, as discussed above, many CSR proponents point out that CSR can significantly improve long-term corporate profitability because it reduces risks and inefficiencies while offering a host of potential benefits such as enhanced brand reputation and employee engagement. 2. 4 CSR and questionable motives Some critics believe that CSR programs are undertaken by companies such as British American Tobacco (BAT), the petroleum giant BP (well-known for its high-profile advertising campaigns on environmental aspects of its operations), and to distract the public from ethical questions posed by their core operations. They argue that some corporations start CSR programs for the commercial benefit they enjoy through raising their reputation with the public or with government. They suggest that corporations which exist solely to maximize profits are unable to advance the interests of society as a whole. Another concern is when companies claim to promote CSR and be committed to Sustainable Development whilst simultaneously engaging in harmful business practices. For example, since the 1970s, the McDonalds Corporations association with Ronald McDonald House has been viewed as CSR and relationship marketing. More recently, as CSR has become mainstream, the company has beefed up its CSR programs related to its labor, environmental and other practices All the same, in McDonalds Restaurants v Morris Steel, Lord Justices Pill, May and Keane ruled that it was fair comment to say that McDonalds employees worldwide do badly in terms of pay and onditions and true that if one eats enough McDonalds food, ones diet may well become high in fat etc. , with the very real risk of heart disease. Shell has a much-publicized CSR policy and was a pioneer in triple bottom line reporting, but this did not prevent the 2004 scandal concerning its misreporting of oil reserves, which seriously damaged its re putation and led to charges of hypocrisy. Since then, the Shell Foundation has become involved in many projects across the world, including a partnership with Marks and Spencer (UK) in three flower and fruit growing communities across Africa Gary (2004) Critics concerned with corporate hypocrisy and insincerity generally suggest that better governmental and international regulation and enforcement, rather than voluntary measures, are necessary to ensure that companies behave in a socially responsible manner. Others, such as Patricia Werhane argue that CSR should be looked more upon as a Corporate Moral Responsibility, and limit the reach of CSR by focusing more on direct impacts of the organization as viewed through a systems perspective to identify stakeholders Fields(2002). In the increasingly conscience-focused marketplaces of the 21st century, the demand for more ethical business processes and actions (known as ethicism) is increasing. Simultaneously, pressure is applied on industry to improve business ethics through new public initiatives and laws (e. g. higher UK road tax for higher-emission vehicles). The term CSR came in to common use in the early 1970s, after many multinational corporations formed, although it was seldom abbreviated. The term stakeholder, meaning those on whom an organizations activities have an impact, was used to describe corporate owners beyond shareholders as a result of an influential Freeman(1984). . 5 Potential business Impacts of CSR The scale and nature of the Impacts of CSR for an organization can vary depending on the nature of the enterprise, and are difficult to quantify, though there is a large body of literature exhorting business to adopt measures beyond financial ones found a correlation between social/environmental performance and financial performance. However, businesses may not be looking at short-run financial returns when developing their CSR strategy. A recent survey of 20,000 people in 20 countries offers some fascinating insights into the way consumers, and societies at large, perceive the social and environmental responsibilities of business. Corporate Social Responsibility Monitor 2001: Global Public Opinion on the Changing Role of Companies identifies those aspects of corporate practice that matter most to the general public. It also reveals some intriguing differences in priorities between different regions of the world. The survey was undertaken by Environics International, and involved interviews with around 1,000 people in each of 20 countries including the USA, Canada, Mexico, Britain, France, Germany, Japan, India, Russia and Nigeria. The key findings are as follows. 1. Significant numbers of investors take a companys social performance into consideration when making investment decisions 2. In wealthy countries, social responsibility makes a greater contribution to corporate reputation than brand image 3. Companies that ignore social responsibility place market share at risk 4. Views and behaviours of opinion leaders indicate that consumers social expectations of companies will continue to grow 5. North American consumers represent the most socially demanding market for companies 6. Two distinct groups of citizens, making up a third of the world, are engaged in pressurizing companies to assume greater social responsibility Human resources A CSR programme can be an aid to recruitment and retention, particularly within the competitive graduate student market. Potential recruits often ask about a firms CSR policy during an interview, and having a comprehensive policy can give an advantage. CSR can also help improve the perception of a company among its staff, particularly when staff can become involved through payroll giving, fundraising activities or community volunteering. See also Corporate Social Entrepreneurship, whereby CSR can also be driven by employees personal values, in addition to the more obvious economic and governmental drivers. What to Do? Articulate an alternative corporate ethical framework that places public relations into the core goals of socially responsible corporations. Public relations often perceived as attempt by cynical corporations to manipulate public opinion. Sadly true in some cases, but PR much more than this. 3. 0 Conclusion If Corporate Social Responsibilities(CSR) could become truly valued and supported by all Firm, it could become the foundation for a revised ethos between businesses and their societies all over the world. Such a revision should turn the invisible hand of business profitability into a visible and active hand of social prosperity. And businesses would be the better for it. . 0 Recommendations If corporate morality is to change into something less selfish and more humane, it should be guided by someone who values human relationships and be socially responsible too. Corporations must acknowledge that they are part of broader society and that publics in the society can have an impact on their achievements. Corporate Social Responsibilities(CSR) is based on publics, and publics are cultural constructs. Corporate Social Respo nsibilities , therefore, must take into account culture. REFERENCES: Baker, M. Companies in Crisis- What to do when it all goes wrong. Bansal, P. , R. Roth (2000). Why Companies Go Green: A model of Ecological Responsiveness. The Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 43, No. 4. Bulkeley, H. (2001). Governing Climate Change: The Politics and Risk Society. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, New Series, Vol. 26, No. 4. Davis Lewiz (2001) â€Å"Corporate Social Responsibility Monitor† Global Public Opinion on the Changing Role of Companies https://www. environicsinternational. com/ Fields, S. 2002). Sustainable Business Makes Dollars and Cents. Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol. 110, No. 3. Freeman K(1984). â€Å"Business and Corporate Social Responsibility† New York. Fry, L. W. , G. D. Keim, R. E. Meiners (1982). Corporate Contributions: Altruistic or for Profit? The Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 25, No. 1. Gary Woller, (2004) â€Å"Business Responsibility and Society- A Public Relation Perspective† Mark R. Kramer(1998), â€Å"V FSG Social Impact Advisors. † Kennedy School Harvard University. Michael E. Porter(2001) a leading authority on competitive strategy and head of the Institute for Strategy and Competitiveness at Harvard Business School Sacconi, L. (2004). A Social Contract Account for CSR as Extended Model of Corporate Governance (Part II): Compliance, Reputation and Reciprocity. Journal of Business Ethics, No. 11. Sullivan, N. ; R. Schiafo (2005). Talking Green, Acting Dirty (Op-Ed). New York Times, June 12, 2005. Sun, William (2010), How to Govern Corporations So They Serve the Public Good: A Theory of Corporate Governance Emergence, New York: Edwin Mellen, ISBN 9780773438637

Margaret Jones - Executed for Witchcraft, 1648

Known for: first person executed for witchcraft in Massachusetts Bay ColonyOccupation: midwife, herbalist, physicianDates: died June 15, 1648, executed as a witch in Charlestown (now part of Boston) Margaret Jones was hanged on an elm tree on June 15, 1648, after being convicted of witchcraft. The first known execution for witchcraft in New England was the year before: Alse (or Alice) Young in Connecticut. Her execution was reported in an Almanac published by Samuel Danforth, a Harvard College graduate who was then working as a tutor at Harvard. Samuels brother Thomas was a judge at the Salem witch trials in 1692. John Hale, who was later involved in the Salem witch trials as the minister in Beverley, Massachusetts, witnessed the execution of Margaret Jones when he was twelve years old. Rev. Hale was called to help Rev. Parris determine the cause of the strange happenings in his home in early 1692; he was later present at court hearings and executions, supportive of the courts actions. Later, he questioned the legality of the proceedings, and his postumously published book, A Modest Inquiry Into the Nature of Witchcraft, is one of the few sources for information about Margaret Jones. Source: Court Records We know about Margaret Jones from several sources. A court record notes that in April, 1648, a woman and her husband were confined and watched for signs of witchcraft, according to a course which hath ben taken in England for the discovery of witches. The officer was appointed to this task on April 18. Although the names of those watched were not mentioned, the subsequent events involving Margaret Jones and her husband Thomas lend credence to the conclusion that the husband and wife named were the Joneses. The court record shows: This court beinge desireows that the same course which hath ben taken in England for the discovery of witches, by watchinge, may also be taken here with the witch now in question, therefore doe order that a strict watch be set about her every night, that her husband be confined in a private roome, watched also. Winthrops Journal According to the journals of Governor Winthrop, who was a judge at the trial that convicted Margaret Jones, she was found to have caused pain and sickness and even deafness by her touch; she prescribed medicines (aniseed and liquors are mentioned) that had extraordinary violent effects; she warned that those who would not use her medicines would not heal, and that some so warned had had relapses that could not be treated; and she had foretold things that she had no way to know about. Further, two signs usually ascribed to witches were found: the witchs mark or witchs teat, and being seen with a child who, on further investigation, vanished -- the assumption was that such an apparition was a spirit. Winthrop also reported a very great tempest at Connecticut at the very time of her execution, which people interpreted as confirming that she was truly a witch. Winthrops journal entry is reproduced below. At this court one Margaret Jones of Charlestown was indict- ed and found guilty of witchcraft, and hanged for it. The evidence against her was,1. that she was found to have such a malignant touch, as many persons, (men, women, and children,) whom she stroked or touched with any affection or displeasure, or, etc., were taken with deafness, or vomiting, or other violent pains or sickness,2. she practising physic, and her medicines being such things as (by her own confession) were harmless, as aniseed, liquors, etc., yet had extraordinary violent effects,3. she would use to tell such as would not make use of her physic, that they would never be healed, and accordingly their diseases and hurts continued, with relapse against the ordinary course, and beyond the apprehension of all physicians and surgeons,4. some things which she foretold came to pass accordingly; other things she could tell of (as secret speeches, etc.) which she had no ordinary means to come to the knowledge of,5. she ha d (upon search) an apparent teat in her secret parts as fresh as if it had been newly sucked, and after it had been scanned, upon a forced search, that was withered, and another began on the opposite side,6. in the prison, in the clear day-light, there was seen in her arms, she sitting on the floor, and her clothes up, etc., a little child, which ran from her into another room, and the officer following it, it was vanished. The like child was seen in two other places, to which she had relation; and one maid that saw it, fell sick upon it, and was cured by the said Margaret, who used means to be employed to that end.Her behavior at her trial was very intemperate, lying notoriously, and railing upon the jury and witnesses, etc., and in the like distemper she died. The same day and hour she was executed, there was a very great tempest at Connecticut, which blew down many trees, etc.Source: Winthrops Journal, History of New England 1630-1649. Volume 2. John Winthrop. Edited by James Ken dall Hosmer. New York, 1908. A Nineteenth Century History In the mid-19th century, Samuel Gardner Drake wrote about the case of Margaret Jones, including more information about what may have happened to her husband: The first Execution for Witchcraft in the Colony of Massachusetts Bay, was at Boston on the 15th of June, 1648. Accusations were probably common long before this, but now came a tangible Case, and it was carried through with as much Satisfaction to the Authorities, apparently, as ever the Indians burnt a Prisoner at the Stake.The Victim was a Female named Margaret Jones, the Wife of Thomas Jones of Charlestown, who perished on the Gallows, as much for her good Offices, as for the evil Influences imputed to her. She had been, like many other Mothers among the early Settlers, a Physician; but being once suspected of Witchcraft, was found to have such a malignant Touch, as many Persons were taken with Deafness, or Vomiting, or other violent Pains or Sickness. Her Medicines, though harmless in themselves, yet had extraordinary violent Effects; that such as refused her Medicines, she would tell that they would never be healed, and accordingly their Diseases and Hurts continued, with Relap se against the ordinary Course, and beyond the Apprehension of all Physicians and Surgeons. And as she lay in Prison, a little Child was seen to run from her into another Room, and being followed by an Officer, it was vanished. There was other Testimony against her more ridiculous than this, but not necessary to be recited. To make her Case as bad as possible, the Record or it says her Behaviour at her Trials was intemperate, lying notoriously, and railing upon the Jury and Witnesses, and that in like Distemper she died. It is not unlikely that this poor forsake Woman was distracted with Indignation at the Utterances of the false Witnesses, when she saw her Life was sworn away by them. The deluded Court denounced her frantick Denial of the Charges as lying notoriously. And in the probably honest Belief in Witchcraft, the same Recorder says, in the most complacent Credulity, that the same Day and Hour she was executed, there was a very great Tempest at Connecticut, which blew down ma ny Trees, c. Another equally credulous Gentleman, writing a Letter to a Friend, dated at Boston on the 13th of the same Month, says: The Witche is condemned, and to be hanged Tomorrow, being Lecture Day.Whether there were any other suspected Persons at the time Margaret Jones was prosecuted, we have no Means of ascertaining, yet it is more than propable that a supposed Spirit of Darkness had been whispering in the Ears of the Men in Authority in Boston; for about a Month before the Execution of Margaret, they had passed this Order: The Courte desire the Course which hath been takin in England for Discovery of Witches, by watching them a certina Time. It is ordered, that the best and surest Way may forthwith be put in Practice; to being this Night, if it may be, being the 18th of the third Month, and that the Husband may be confined to a private Roome, and be also then watched.That the Court was stirred up to ferret out Witches, by the late Successes in that Business in England, -- s everal Persons having been tried, condemned and executed in Feversham about two Years before -- is not improbable. By the Course which hath been taken in England for the Discovery of Witches, the Court had References to the Employment of Witch-Finders, one Matthew Hopkins having had great Success. By his infernal Pretensions some scores of innocent bewildered People met violent Deaths at the Hands of the Executioner, all along from 1634 to 1646. But to return to the Case of Margaret Jones. She having gone down to an ignominious Grave, leaving her Husband to suffer the Taunts and Jeers of the ignorant Multitude, escaped further Prosecution. These were so insufferable that his Means of Living were cut off, and he was compelled to try to seek another Asylum. A ship was lying in the Harbor bound for Barbadoes. In this he took Passage. But he was not thus to escape Persecution. On this Ship of 300 Tons were eighty Horses. These caused the Vessel to roll considerably perhaps heavily, wich to Persons of any Sea Experience would have been no Miracle. But Mr. Jones was a Witch, a Warrant was sued out for his Apprehension, and he was hurried thence to Prison, and there left by the Recorder of the Account, who has left his Readers in Ignorance of what became of him. Whether he were the Thomas Joanes of Elzing, who in 1637 took Passage at Yarmouth for New England, cannot be positively stated, although he is probably the same Person. If so, his Age at that Time was 25 Years, and he married subsequently.Samuel Gardner Drake. Annals of Witchcraft in New England, and Elsewhere in the United States, From Their First Settlement. 1869. Capitalization as in the original. Another Nineteenth Century Analysis Also in 1869, William Frederick Poole reacted to the account of the Salem witch trials by Charles Upham. Poole noted that Uphams thesis was largely that Cotton Mather was at fault for the Salem witch trials, to gain glory and out of gullibility, and used the case of Margaret Jones (among other cases) to show that witch executions did not begin with Cotton Mather. Here are excerpts from the section of that article addressing Margaret Jones: In New England, the earliest witch execution of which any details have been preserved was that of Margaret Jones, of Charlestown, in June, 1648. Governor Winthrop presided at the trial, signed the death-warrant, and wrote the report of the case in his journal. No indictment, process, or other evidence in the case can be found, unless it be an order of the General Court of May 10, 1648, a certain woman, not named, and her husband, be confined and watched.... [Poole inserts the transcript, shown above, of Winthrops journal] ...The facts in relation to Margaret Jones seem to be, that she was a strong-minded woman, with a will of her own, and undertook, with simple remedies, to practise as a female physician. Were she living in our day, she would brandish a diploma of M. D. from the New England Female Medical College, would annually refuse to pay her city taxes unless she had the right to vote, and would make speeches at the meetings of the Universal Suffrage Association. Her touch seeme d to be attended with mesmeric powers. Her character and abilities rather commend themselves to our respect. She made anise-seed and good liquors do the good work of huge doses of calomel and Epsom salts, or their equivalents. Her predictions as to the termination of cases treated in the heroic method proved to be true. Who knows but that she practiced homoeopathy? The regulars pounced upon her as a witch, as the monks did upon Faustus for printing the first edition of the Bible, -- put her and her husband into jail, -- set rude men to watch her day and night, -- subjected her person to indignities unmentionable, -- and, with the assistance of Winthrop and the magistrates, hanged her, -- and all this only fifteen years before Cotton Mather, the credulous, was born!William Frederick Poole. Cotton Mather and Salem Witchcraft North American Review, April, 1869. Complete article is on pages 337-397.

My Family Has A Big Influence On The Language - 1022 Words

Family ties My family has a big influence on the language I use when I am with them, and even when I am not. If I do say so myself my family is rather very funny and we all just have a really great since of humor. A lot of the time we are just joking around or poking fun at one another, in a loving way of course. The relationship I have with my siblings is very important to me that relationship has really helped shape my everyday language. Most of the words or phrase I use in the family setting are from television shows, movies, or just things someone in my house has said before that is now constantly reoccurring. â€Å"Hey Assbutt!!† (â€Å"Swan Song†) My sister and I really love television, and binge watching shows together. I lot of the time we hear things that just really stick with us, and we can not help but incorporate them into our daily lives. â€Å"Hey assbutt† is from the show supernatural, Castel a fallen angel says this to a demon right before he kills him to save Dean Winchester. In the show they make fun of Castel for saying this, which makes it all the more funny. I use this when I am greeting my sister sometimes or in a situation were I need her attention. An example sentence would be something like, â€Å"Hey assbutt get down here!† When I say this in a setting that is not around my sister people usually do not understand, and some even seem offended, so I typically keep this term between my sister and I. â€Å"Then why don’t you sell me and buy a rabbit instead?† (Lilo andShow MoreRelatedPersuasive Essay On Vietnamese Language1298 Words   |  6 PagesVietnamese language, the focus is on the reasons behind why the younger generations of Vietnamese American--particularly 2.0 and up-- are becoming less fluent with their mothers tongue. In our research, we also found possible solutions parents can try to help their children maintain the ability to communicate in Vietnamese. The discussion on retaining Vietnamese language is not just through spoken language, but also the children writing ability. To have a good communication skill within the family realmRead MoreMy Name Is Zulema Ibeth Montes De Oca, I Am Nineteen Years1178 Words   |  5 PagesMy name is Zulema Ibeth Montes de Oca, I am nineteen years old, I was born March 1,1997 in Berkeley, CA. I was Born into a very traditional Mexican Catholic Christian family; I was raised as part of the Mexican ethnic majority. My parents are both from Mexico, my mom is from Nuevo Ideal, Durango more of a cowboy western type of place and my dad is from Armeria, Colima more of the coast side, best known for the beaches and weather. I have not yet found out what their descent is like. I do know myRead MoreEssay on My Idiolect1246 Words   |  5 PagesDuring the span of my life till today, I have experienced many circumstances which has shaped the way I think and my overall personality and morals, these have structured my idiolect in today’s society, there are many influences in my life that have shaped me, such as my family, culture, friends and media (internet or TV) . Although I am immerse by my upbringing and I am greatly influenced by the family, neighbors and friends, I also inculcate my own experiences and actions in life. Such as tryingRead MorePart Iv Issues On Chinese Language Teaching1194 Words   |  5 PagesPart IV Issues on Chinese Language Teaching As a state school situated in a low SES area, Loganlea SHS’s vocational education outperforms its academic education. Its disadvantaged geographic location make it very hard for the school to promote literacy and numeracy development among the majority of vocational students who are with low level of general skills and academic aspirations and lack of motivations. It is likely that subjects with cognitive engagement would not attract students by natureRead MoreLanguage And Its Influence On Texas1297 Words   |  6 PagesSan Jacinto and the Alamo are impacts from the Spanish. When I found out I had to take a foreign language class in high school, I figured Spanish would be the best. I have never even vacationed outside the state of Texas, which leaves me with a lot of Texas culture. However, I still was missing Spanish in both ways knowing the language and its influence on Texas. I now have that part of Texan culture in my life. It’s been helpful in history, communicating with other people who don’t speak very fluentRead MoreCulture And Ethnic Identities Shaped Your Life1068 Words   |  5 PagesPlease number and type out each question, followed by your responses to correspond with each point below: 1. Identify your culture or cultures. My culture is a melting pot of cultures. The main influences comes from the Taino which are native Indian from Puerto Rico, Spain from the Spaniards and Africa. These are the three blends in the Puerto Rican culture. 2. How have your racial and ethnic identities shaped your life? As a Hispanic in Puerto Rico, racial identification is not classifiedRead MoreFamilies Who Relocate Essay1367 Words   |  6 Pagesfrom one culture to another can be quite overwhelming for some families. Being use to one way of living can affect how some families adapt to new cultures or social classes. There are numerous influences on families when they are exposed to different environments. The traditions and beliefs people believe in can be affected by the influences of a new environment. Experiencing a new culture has positive and negative influences on families through their beliefs, lifestyles, and living environmentsRead MoreWinterbourne View Essay : )1630 Words   |  7 PagesAspects and Factors that influence communication P3: Explain factors that may influence communication and interpersonal interactions in health and social care. Body language They say a picture paints a thousand words, and the same can be said for Body language. Body language definitely plays a big role in influencing communication, by observing body language alone it makes it easy for you toidentify whether somebody shows interest or puts value in what you are saying. It also allows you toRead MorePersonal Statement : Who Am I?957 Words   |  4 Pagesmillion different answers to that question. Everybody has their own story. Who do you see when you look in the mirror. For starters, my full name is Sarah Najah Haddawi. I am Arabic, Muslim, Syrian, those are some of my identifiers. My ethnicity and religion are a big part of who I am and they both play a big part in my life. I make a lot of big decisions based on my culture and its traditions. The reason I am the way I am is all because of my beliefs. My mom chose the name â€Å"Sarah† because ever since sheRead MoreExpensive Life Style Of Ghana1577 Words   |  7 Pagestimework to pay my rents a nd provide for myself and help the family, which I left behind in Cameroon, something I never did in Cameroon, my parents paid my fees all through my education. The first time a good friend of mine and myself went into a supermarket to buy some grocery. Everything was so expensive that we decided to return home and second guess what we needed most. As we left the supermarket we grasp a yogurt each. I was hungry and needed some ATP. The container of yogurt was big and I was happy

Market Cultural Report on Singapore-Free-Samples for Students

Question: You are required to prepare a Market Cultural report on a country of your choosing. Answer: Introduction A market culture is considered as the corporate culture that enhances the competition not only between the organizations but also between employees. The effect of culture on marketing effectiveness is dependent upon the behaviour within an organization (Nakata, 2009). This report will focus on the market cultural report on Singapore. An analysis will be done on various factors regarding culture of Singapore, focusing on their some specific culture by using Hofstedes culture dimension. Hofstedes cultural dimension is a theory of cross-cultural communication which is developed by Greet Hofstede. It will be helpful to define the effects of a culture of society and the value of its members. Secondary data will be helpful for evaluating the culture of Singapore as well as America. Rational for choosing Singapore There are various reasons to choose the Singapore. It is an Island city-state off southern Malaysia, is a worldwide global centre. The main reason to choose this country is that it has multicultural population. However, the population of the Singapore is 5.607 million in 2016. It has been analyzed that immigration is an essential component of Singapores short demographic history and aided shaped the acceptance of substantial immigration in current times. The culture of Singapore is combination of Asian and European cultures (Hui, Wan Ho, 2007). The openness of Singapore to global trade and investment and its effective regulatory environment motivate vibrate cultural activity. It is a democratic state which is governed by only one party, the People Actions Party (PAP), since 1965. It is considered as the most prosperous nation in all over the world. However, the economy of Singapore is dominating towards it services but it is the major manufacturer of electronic and chemicals. It has been evaluated that the business of Singapore is greatly influenced due to low-skilled labor and lower labor cost which put negative impact on the business in the form of delaying business operations (Chia, 2011). Cultural analysis of the host country (America) The United States of America is featured as the home of the brave and the land of the free. A culture of the country is transmitted in a various ways starting with recruitment and migration. The culture of America is evolved with various ethnic, regional and political influences. It is conventionally considered as a Western Culture. It is based on the British Culture which is impacted by Europe and the indigenous people. It has been analyzed that due to having magnitudes in American culture, there are several integrated but exclusive subcultures exist within USA (F?rat, 2013). Unique cultural components There are major three unique cultural components of Unites States of America. These are mentioned below: (a) The apparent artifacts (b) The adopted values (c) The ratified values that facilitated it develop and progress from an abounding diversity of origins and influence. The apparent artifacts It encompasses social spectacles, linguistic, symbols and ceremonies that characterized the life which involves tales, lingo and legends. There are two well-known examples of the apparent aircraft that dominant the culture of America are the sign of Bald Eagle and another is distinguished with red, white and blue of the national flag of country. Figure 1: the national flag of USA Source: (Lair, 2012). The adopted values The next section linked with American culture is the diversity of the people that adopt the varieties of values which involve the strategies, aim and philosophies. People from different culture express their conducts and principles distinctive as per their specific type of social, ethnic and age group. It is the country which is well known to attract many people to accomplish their goal. There are so many immigrants in this country that arrives to live the better quality life (imberov, 2007). Their customs and adopted values are considered as the contributing factors to the huge variety of sub cultural impact in America. The ratified values It is the last level of apparent that influence the culture of US by the dominant ratified values. For instance, one early explaining characteristics of the America as a nation was its ratified values of slavery. There are so many Americans who are aware about the inequalities that remain in the nation. It has been analyzed that their separated principles were proofed in the recent United State Presidential Election (Lair, 2012). Business culture of the host country Business culture is considered as the system of norms and values that are shared among a group of people in the term of constitute a design for living. America offers the wider consumer market to consumer market on earth with a population of 325 million. The businessman of the America are task oriented, they get a goal in the mind and working until attaining it. The business culture of America is different from other country because it follows strict policy during working hours towards achieving the goal and adopts the behaviour of leniency in leisure (Halac, Biloslavo Bulut, 2013). As per the US law, women get equal opportunity as men and get special benefitted from their company. America is such a melting pot of cultures and religions that is why it is hard to know the rules of that how one conduct oneself in public (Samaha, Beck Palmatier, 2014). It has been analyzed that the federal income tax in the country is increasing of up to 40% of total taxable income. Differs from Singapore The business culture of USA is entirely differing from Singapore. There are various elements which is the base of difference between the business culture of Singapore and the business culture of USA. These elements are described below: Economic overview The U.S. has the largest consumer market in all over the world. In addition, US have the free trade agreements with number of countries that enhance the access to hundreds of millions of supplementary consumers. On the other hand the activities in the manufacturing and the services sector are accountable to support the economy of Singapore. Business environment As per the World Bank doing business report, the US has slipped to the 8th position from 4th position in 2017. On the hand the position of Singapore is 2nd in all over the world due to its pro-business environment. Each state of America has its own laws and legislation and the legal system of Singapore is based on the English Common Law. Workforce Women are found as major part of the labor force in both jurisdictions. It has been analyzed that the labor force of women in the U.S. is 47% and 46% in Singapore approximately. Business language English is the language which is used in both jurisdictions. Spanish is the second most common language in the U.S. On the other hand, English is most common language in Singapore which is used in legislation and business in Singapore. Income and corporate tax Federal income tax in U.S. is amplifying up to 40% of taxable income while the progressive rate of tax for personal income is 22%. Federal corporate tax in U.S. differs from 15% to 35% if taxable income goes beyond $335,000. On the other hand the rate of corporate tax in Singapore is 17%. Figure 2: Country Ranking Source: Guide Me. (2017). Impact of unique cultures international business The unique culture defines a variety of culture, ethics, religions, languages and trends. The impact of unique culture on international business is effective because when a number of group from different country or religion gather for fulfilling the same purpose, it brings the different ideas for the growth of the particular business (Tfekci, Papatya Papatya, 2014). Organizational hierarchy towards management roles can also diverge extensively between cultures. Hofstedes cultural dimensions Hofstedes cultural dimension theory comprises a framework revolving around cross-cultural communication, which was introduced by Geert Hofstede. It is helpful to explain the relationship between the values of the members and behaviour. It is helpful to know the factors in order to operate effectively in the America. There are six cultural dimension of Hofstede framework such as power distance index, Individualism Versus Collectivism, Uncertainty Avoidance Index, indulgence Versus Restraint, Masculinity Versus Femininity and Pragmatic Versus Normative. It has been analyzed that the culture is learned by an individual while the nature of human is inherited. It has been found that the person within all cultures have different perception, values, beliefs, values and preferences. Power distance index explains the degree of inequality that exists between people with and without power. It is categorized in low PDI and high PDI. It has been found that the power distance score of America is 63.83 which place them on the average rate with the world. The business in America would be benefitted because it has the good power to operate the business (Saleem Larimo, 2017). IDV refers to the strength of the ties that people have to others within their community. It has been analyzed that the IDV score of America is low. In the context of effective business, the business need to consider the respect for privacy and maintain the harmony in among workers to overrides other moral issues. Masculinity Versus Femininity defines the allocation of rules and responsibility among men and women (Al-Mohammad, Akroush Lutfi Odetallah, 2014). The score of US on Masculinity is 62 which are high, and this can be looked in the behavioral pattern of American. Uncertainty Avoidance Index introduce that how people can cope with anxiety in better manner. The score UAI of US is low that is 46, on the basis of uncertainty avoidance dimension. It has been analyzed that business need to consider acceptance of new ideas and innovative concepts to attain the objectives within time frame (Soares, Farhangmehr Shoham, 2007). As per Hofstede, the score of PVN of US is 26 which reflect that they believe in fact and analyze the situation in an effective manner before experiment. The business need to focus on long term goal and should plan in an efficient manner. Indulgence is the dimension of Hofstede that defines the extent to which people try to prevent their desires. The score of this dimension of America is 68. After evaluating the various elements of Hofstedes cultural dimension, business needs to consider towards managing the cultural difference as part of human resource management (Bakir, Blodgett, Vitell Rose, 2015). It can be done by recruiti ng, target setting, training and appraisal. Thus, it has been cleared that Singapore can get success if it understands the culture of America in efficient manner. Conclusion In the limelight of above discussion, it has been concluded that the cultural difference is advantageous for the country because it brings the different ideas and views from different country. The combination of unique culture in America helps them to understand their place in the global market. On the other hand the culture of Singapore is effective and the difference between culture of America and Singapore has been mentioned in this report. The theory of Hofstedes cultural dimension has been facilitated to know the factors for which business is required to consider operating effectively in the country of America. References Al-Mohammad, S., Akroush, M., Lutfi Odetallah, A. (2014). Marketing culture and business performance: Re-examination of Webster's marketing culture measurement scale.Marketing Intelligence Planning,32(7), 794-822. Bakir, A., Blodgett, J. G., Vitell, S. J., Rose, G. M. (2015). A preliminary investigation of the reliability and validity of Hofstedes cross cultural dimensions. InProceedings of the 2000 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference(pp. 226-232). Springer, Cham. Chia, S. Y. (2011). Foreign Labor in Singapore: Rationale, Policies, Impacts, and Issues. Philippine Journal of Development Number 70, First and Second Semesters 2011 Volume XXXVIII, Numbers 1 2.G F?rat, A. F. (2013). Marketing: culture institutionalized.Journal of Macromarketing,33(1), 78-82. Guide Me. (2017). Doing Business - Singapore vs United States of America. Retrieved on 16th November, 2017, from: https://www.guidemesingapore.com/why-singapore/usa/doing-business---singapore-vs-usa. Halac, D. S., Biloslavo, R., Bulut, . (2013). Marketing Culture and Perceived Customer Satisfaction in Non-Profit Service Organizations.Bogazici Journal: Review of Social, Economic Administrative Studies,27(2). Hui, T. K., Wan, D., Ho, A. (2007). Tourists satisfaction, recommendation and revisiting Singapore.Tourism management,28(4), 965-975. Lair, M. (2012). A cultural analysis of the United States. Retrieved on 16th November, 2017, from: https://mayrsom.com/2012/12/24/a-cultural-analysis-of-the-united-states/. Nakata, C. (Ed.). (2009).Beyond Hofstede: Culture frameworks for global marketing and management. Springer. Saleem, S., Larimo, J. (2017). Hofstede cultural framework and advertising research: An assessment of the literature. InAdvances in Advertising Research (Vol. VII)(pp. 247-263). Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden. Samaha, S. A., Beck, J. T., Palmatier, R. W. (2014). The role of culture in international relationship marketing.Journal of Marketing,78(5), 78-98. imberov, I. (2007). Internal marketing as a part of marketing culture supporting value for external customer.Economics Management. Soares, A. M., Farhangmehr, M., Shoham, A. (2007). Hofstede's dimensions of culture in international marketing studies.Journal of business research,60(3), 277-284. Tfekci, . K., Papatya, N., Papatya, G. (2014). The effect of brand culture on the capability to create brand identity under sports marketing intelligence: A practice in football base associations of Western Mediterranean region.American International Journal of Social Science,3(2), 191-202.

The play Sorry wrong Number Essay Example

The play Sorry wrong Number Paper Lucille Fletcher wrote the play, Sorry, Wrong Number.Originally a radio play, this story provides a mental picture for the reader and still giving the allusion of fear and surprise.The main character, Mrs. Stevenson, in the play ends up depending on her only source of communication to the outside world, her phone!Sorry, Wrong Number is a play that shows the distortion of humor as well as the unaware accepts of homicide. All alone, Mrs. Stevenson has just placed a call trying to get a hold of her husband.This is when it is revealed to the reader about Mrs. Stevensons ill condition. After being asked a second time, the operator again tries to dial the number of her husbands job but by some weird twist of fate, the line ends up being incorrectly dialed.Mrs. Stevenson not deliberate of what just happened, tries and speaks but no one can hear her.She happens to overhear two men plotting to kill an elderly woman.They plain to do this around the time of eleven o clock.Then as fast as the c onversation came into her receiver, it disconnected, only leaving her with a bland buzzing signal.Devastated by what just happened, Mrs. Stevenson calls the operator back to try and report what just took place.The operator can not do much and decides to connect Mrs. Stevenson to her superior.The chief operator tells Mrs. Stevenson that she needs to contact the police because the situation is tot! al out of her hands.After being connected to the police department, Mrs. Stevenson becomes every agitated at the fact that everyone is just brushing the problem away as if the phone conversation never really happened.A long and stressful night of fearing for another womans life, she soon finds out that it is really her life that is in danger but by this time it is too late! Mrs. Stevenson is a caring and yet ignorant person.Her compassion for this complete stranger is what really gives this story its edge.