The federal budget and the state Essay Example for Free

The federal calculate and the reconcile EssayThe main difference between the federal calculate and the state and local reckons is the issue of a monetary deficit, in which expenditures in the figure exceeds revenues that were estimated. province and local g overnments ar required to balance their budgets. The federal government is al lower-rankinged to borrow money to meet its obligations and shake a deficit. The federal government collects the most tax revenue, but state and local governments have a greater range of revenue options for funding their budgets. The federal government relies mainly on income taxes, capital gains and Social Security taxes. nation and local governments collect sales taxes, taxes on fuel, property taxes and fees from special licenses and permits. Also, many state and local Governments collect funds from state lotteries and taxes on alcohol and tobacco.When examine federal, State and Local Budgets, each one is passably contrary. Each budg et has its knowledge goals and direction that they argon moving toward. On the internet site http//www.usgovernmentspending.com I was able to obtain several pie charts that breaks down the 2012 fiscal year budget for Federal, State and Local governments. These pie charts give a basic breakdown of the budgets for each level. Figure 1 Federal Budget (Federal Budget Site). This budget shows that the largest portion of the federal budget is for Defense. This includes military spending for the troops in the Afghanistan and Iraq and Homeland Security. Since 200,1 this portion of the budget has increased from $297 billion to $740 billion in 2011. The next largest portion is both wellness Care and Pensions at 22% of the federal budget each. Health care constitutes Social Security, Medicare and Medicaid. Social Security was established in the 1930s and was created to help honest-to-goodness Americans.Before Social Security the responsibility of their well being was the responsibility of th e community and the family. While the individual was working, they paid a small portion into a federal fund so they would be able to receive benefits when they were older. Medicare benefits are sometimes considered part of the Social Security benefits but are actually a separate program. Medicare was established in 1965 and is available for people 65 and older, people under 65 that have disabilities and people that have permanent kidney failure that are in need of a transplant and receiving dialysis (Medicare Site). Medicare comes in two portions. calve A includes hospital get downs that normally cost the Medicare holder nothing out of pocket. Part B covers the cost of doctor visits and other medical care but cost the Medicare holder a small monthly charge (Medicare site).Medicaid is an insurance cover by the federal government for people that have lower incomes and cannot afford health insurance (Medicaid site). Next on the pie chart show that 12% is fatigued on Welfare. This wou ld include Unemployment, Workers Compensation and food and nutrition assistance. The fifth largest portion on the federal budget is the money paid back due to interest. The federal government must make payments on the interest on the money it has borrowed, which is now the National Debt. The amount of the interest only is approximately $230 billion of close to 6% of the federal budget (Policy Basics).Figure Two Georgia State Budget (Georgia Budget Site). This budget shows that the largest portion of the Georgia budget is for Education, at over half of the budget. Education would include an increase of $188.5 million from previous years. This is because of the increase in k-12 students and an increase in the college system and the state making the required payments into the Teachers loneliness System (Georgia Budget). The next largest portion of the Georgia budget is regarding Healthcare. In Georgia they face several different challenges when it comes to health care Infectious dise ases, obesity and low birth weights are just a few of these problems. Georgias public health challenges such as obesity, infectious disease and low birthweight stay put to increase in importance, but Georgias per-capita investment in public health programs has declined in recent years due to a shrivel state funding commitment coupled with a growing state population.The next largest portion at almost 10% of the budget is allotted to sorry Justice. In the state of Georgia we have 159 state funded prisons that house over 57,000 inmates (Ga Prison Fact Sheet). This also includes over 13,000 state employees that run these facilities (AJC Prison). Each inmate takes approximately $51 a day. This includes housing, meals and general day to day activities (Ga Prison Fact Sheet). Forth largest in the Georgia budget is for Debt Services. Debt services include the payments of the oral sex and interest of any general or long term obligation that the state has accrued. This amount is over $64 million in 2012. Lastly, the fifthlargest budget allocation is for transportation. Transportation encompasses road repair, improving the efficiency of the movement of goods, construction of new roads and Highways and reducing congestion within the state. Along with these services, the salaries and benefits of their employees are count on into this section of the budget (Georgia Budget site). Figure 3 Local Budget (Cobb County Budget). This budget shows the breakdown on the spending in Cobb County Georgia. Cobb County includes portions of Atlanta and is just sexual union of Fulton County, which contains the largest portion of the city of Atlanta.The largest portion of the Cobb County budget goes toward Education. In Cobb County there are 4 Universities, 64 Elementary schooltimes, 25 Middle Schools and 16 High Schools (Cobb County School Site). The Cobb County school system is the 2nd largest system in the state and 24th largest in the country (Cobb County School site). With the l arge amount of Schools in the County come a large number of employees at 13,551. This portion of the budget includes keeping up with technology, salaries, maintenance of older schools and the construction of new facilities. The Next largest is listed as early(a) Spending. Other spending would include things like waste management, water treatment, and agriculture and community development. Each area has its own operating expenses, salaries and new projects.The third largest budget expense in the Cobb County Budget is for Protection. This would include things like the jail and court system, Sheriffs Office, Police Departments, Fire Department, 911 services and Ambulance services. Just like each other portion of the budget it contains operating expenses and salaries of their employees. The fourth and fifth largest portion of the Cobb County Budget, at 8% is for Transportation and Health Care. Transportation in Cobb County would include things like public transit system, process of the Department of Transportation operation and the school bus department. Health care in Cobb County maintains a Public Health Department and two separate hospitals.When comparing the different budgets, each one has a much different focus on their expenditures. Some portions of each budget in the top five are shared by each level in some sort of fashion. The number one expenditure for the Federal Government is Defense. Number three for the State of Georgia is Criminal Justice and number three for Cobb County Georgia is Protection.Comparatively so, all three items are very much alike. The federal government is refer with National Security and based 24% of its budget on its funding. The State of Georgia spends 9.4% of their budget toward state prisons and their state police. Cobb County spends 11% of their budget to protect their citizens by pre-trial housing, local law enforcement and emergency medical services. Another large expenditure for the federal government is health care at 22% of their budget.This is only slightly higher than the State of Georgia spends on health care at 20.5%. Cobb Countys Health Care budget comes in at the 5th highest expense at only 8%. When looking at the different budgets I started trying to compare all three of them and decided that the best way to look at the different spending is with a graph that give a visual element to better describe the scope of their spending. Based on each conclave of budgets, these graphs show the comparative relationship between the top five expenditures.This first graph shows that the top five budget expenses for the federal government is much different when compared to the State of Georgia and the Cobb County Government. The federal government spends 24% of its budget on national defense and 22% each on Health Care and Federal Pensions. Looking at the top five budget items for the federal government uses 86% of their available funds.This graph shows the State of Georgia top five budget items. The majo rity of the budget for Georgia is allocated to Education at 51.8% of their funds. The top five budget items for the State of Georgia uses 92.2% of the $19.2 billion budget. This graph shows the top five budget items for Cobb County Georgia. It shows a drastic difference in the second largest budget item, Community Development at 20%.

Coffee and Starbucks Essay Example for Free

Coffee and Starbucks Essay?Introduction Starbucks Corporation is an inter depicted object cocoa lodge and deep brown bean berry house chain headquartered in Seattle, Washingston. Starbucks was founded in 1971, when terzetto academicians, began a oddment umber store called Starbucks Coffee, Tea and Spice in Seattle (Starbucks Corporation, 2009). In 1996, Starbucks operated its first international store elaboration in Tokyo, Japan. With current approximately 19,500 stores in 58 countries ( spot xcelerated, 2012), Starbucks is quickly becoming one of the best known strike outs and the largest specialty javahouse company in the world. The Market Demand of CoffeeThe pick out of drinking chocolate in the United States has rose 2 percent in 2011(Perez, 2011). Americans drank 77. 4 billion cups of coffee during a year (Perez, 2011). A statistics showed that the average custom among coffee drinkers in the United States is 3. 1 cups of coffee per day (E-Imports, 2012). With g athering the information and statistics, it has proved the demand of coffee market in the US is extremely gamey. Also, the coffee market is the potential market for rivals entering into. Hence, Starbucks has to attain strong warlike advantages and market demand with its resources and capabilities.Starbuckss Resources and Capabilities An organization has the ability to identifying and determining the matched authority of their resources and capabilities to create competitive advantage. Business resources ar the outputive input or competitive asset that is owned or controlled by the organization (Thompson, 2012). In the suit of Starbucks, the resources and capabilities are coffee bean, store ambience, employee culture, and shufflings and reputations. Coffee Beans Coffee beans are the natural resources of Starbucks. They are one of the most valuable resources for coffee industry.Starbucks was a purveyor of specialty coffee it has seemed top-notch coffee beans to produce high choice of coffee. High quality of coffee beans was usually sourced directly from coffee-producing countries, for instance Kenya, Guatemala and Indonesia. Starbucks was usually acquired the coffee bean at a premium price for suppliers who suited the Starbucks standards, socially and surroundally responsible farming. Starbucks has committed the long term contracts with the supplier in order to protect both companionship with the price and quality of coffee beans.The Starbuckss coffee beans provided a sustainable competitive advantage in the face of active competition. It is due to the high quality and premium coffee beans sourced from other country were uncommon and costly to imitate for opponents. Store Design and Ambience Starbucks was positioned as a third place between beyond home and work with the store design and relaxing ambience. The design of store is provided a comfort and relaxing environment for its costumer. Each detail of likes the course of fixtures, the edges of co untertops and the texture of slate floors was examined to enhance the anomalous ambience and mood of the Starbucks store.With blended the colorful banners and artworks, the merchandise displays, the music and the aromas, Starbucks has created an attractive, consistent and stimulating environment that provided comfort of a home for customer, excellent customer service and quality products as the concept of third place theme (Moon Queich, 2003) cited by (Harveywallbanger, 2012). These elements made the Starbucks experience profound in retaining its customers with the competitive advantage and capture new markets. The store design is valuable by providing a third place theme, a relaxing and conform atmosphere.Besides, it was out of date design in United States as Starbucks is the first fallr to replicate the Italian style coffee store. Competitors are difficult and costly to imitate as the Starbucks has an exclusive In-House architects and designers to ensure the right image and c haracter for each store. Employee Culture A vital dynamic in Starbuckss growth was the human resources, its employee. Starbucks has provided a great work environment around its employees, one of its most important resources and sources of sustainable competitive advantage (Gates et al. , 2011).Schultz believed that a plentiful employee benefits package was a key competitive advantage. Starbucks was the first company to offer all employees, even part-timer, were qualified to get healthcare benefits, participate in the Bean Stock program for bank line option grants. Besides that, Starbucks has offered an extensive training program to each employee that includes a commitment to customer service experience and the knowledge of products (Balaban et al. , n. d). All employees of Starbucks were trained to turn out good customer experiences for retaining customers.For example, they were trained just say yes to customer requests. Starbucks approach towards employees benefited to company ha s maintained the turnover rate at 60-65 percent, while the other national industry turnover is about 150-400 percent a year. The plentiful employee benefit package provides a sustainable competitive advantage to Starbucks. It is added value to Starbucks because employees will wealthy person the better job performance due to the motivation and courage. It was rare as the Starbucks was the first company provided healthcare benefits and stock option plan.And in like manner, it is costly to imitate for Starbuckss competitors. Brand and Reputation Brand recognition and reputational are essential resources and capabilities to Starbuckss competition advantage. consort to Starbucks Strategy Fortune, Starbucks store traffic has risen between 6 percent and 8 percent a year even in a down economy. Starbucks reputation was growing mostly by cry of mouth rather than spending on advertising. Schultz believed that opening numerous stores helped to build the brand to Starbucks by change magnit ude awareness of the brand.On the other hand, Starbucks also modify its brand and reputation with reasonably Trade Certified coffee and corporate social responsibility (CSR). The company collaborated with CARE and Conservation internationalist to encourage environment responsible methods of growing coffee. These activities would be created the attention and attraction of its customers on the brand of Starbucks. Due with the strength of brand and reputation, Starbucks was achieved sustainable competitive advantages in the specialty coffee segment. Michael Porters Five Forces ModelOne of the powerful and widely assessment tools of an organizations industrys competitive forces is the five forces model, created by Michael Porter. This model embraces that the competitive forces affecting industry achievement go beyond rivalry among competing sellers and include four coexisting sources (Thompson, 2012). The Michael Porters five forces are the brat of entry, the threat of substitutes, the bargaining power of emptors, the bargaining power of supply and rivalry among competing sellers. I will identify the competitive environment of Starbucks in coffee industry by using Michael Porters Five Forces Model.1) Industry Rivalry The industry competition among the existing firms is positioned at the center of Porter five forces model. Rivalry is gradually growing against Starbucks each year as the growing of industry. The growth of industry rivalry has increased due to introduce the new products into the market and differentiate products found on quality, service and selection (Gamble Thompson, Jr. , 2011) cited by (Brown, 2011). With this point, Starbucks has introduced a new trend of having premium coffee and new product of Frappuccino, was greatly differentiated from the competitors.Starbucks also served coffee with the highest freshness standards with FlavorLock bags. Starbucks compete to against two strong orgationation in the fast food industry who bring on op erated coffee beverages and stepped into coffee market, McDonalds and Dunkin Donuts. The competitive threat distri unlessed by McDonalds to Starbucks was referring to the Consumer Reports magazine in 2008 , which rated that the McDonalds the quality of coffee is better and the price is cheaper as compared to Starbucks. The industrys growing has slowed down while the industry competition is change magnitude among existing firms.In short, the force of industry rivalry formed by the competition among coffees industry is characterized very strong. 2) The Threat of New Entrance The second competitive force of Porters model has significant differenced in the late of 80s and the recent competitive environment of Starbucks, is no barriers to entry. According to Porter (2008), barriers of entry are low in the specialty coffee industry. The coffee houses in the United States were about 585 in 1987 and 25000 in 2007. It showed that the new entrants of specialty coffee market was increasing sp eedily in 20 years.Besides that, the specialty coffee market had grown from $11. 5billion (2005) to $12. 27 billion (2006) in the United States. Due to the market demand growing rapidly, it was attracted a number of fast-food retailers, such company as McDonald and Dunkin Donuts. In addition, the product differentiation (included coffee selection, roasting and brewing) is considered weak. With these elements, it can be established that the threat of new entrants in coffee industry is moderate. However, Starbucks has a strong competitive advantage with a well-known brand and image, the quality service and diversity products, and a strong market in the segmentation.3) The Threat of Substitutes Another competitive force of Porters model is the threat of substitutes. The force of substitutes is significant decreased in the coffee market. This is because, there are totally little of substitutes product, such substitute as soft drinks, energy drinks and fruit juices. The principal substi tution of products has posed a slight threat to coffee industry were carbonated soft drinks which introduced by the Pepsi and Coca-Cola company. In the past few years, studies have done that coffee has increasingly obtained the taste of consumer more than carbonated soft drinks.This is probably concentrated the healthy related with carbonated soft drinks, and evidenced that coffee is a relatively healthy preference. (Harding, 2000) cited by (Larson. , 2008) Based on the information and evidence, the threat of competitive substitute products is considered to be weak for Starbucks Corporation. 4) The Bargaining place of Suppliers The bargaining power of supplier has changed in some(prenominal) ways through the widely growing in the coffee industry. Starbucks was purchased it premium coffee beans from the farmers that were numerous, small and unconnected during the late 1980s.In the recently years, coffee beans suppliers were junction by Fair Trade Certified coffee and acted like a large entity. Specialty coffee companies were making the coffee beans suppliers gradually important by seeking greater quality of coffee to compete the competitors in the market. The coffee beans suppliers today are more power, with increased joint and increased importance upon high quality coffee beans. Starbucks has work out with the coffee beans suppliers into continuing fixed-price commitments in order to ensure an adequate supply, which decreased the supplier bargaining power. (Larson, 2008) 5) The Bargaining Power of buyersThe last element of five forces model is the bargaining power of buyers. The force of the buyers bargaining power is defined to the buyers faculty to force down prices, and seek for higher-quality products and services (Porter, 1998, p. 24) cited by (Larson, 2008). The bargaining power of buyer in specialty coffee segment is considered high, since two strong competitor of Starbucks, McDonalds and Dunkins Donuts have offered the lower prices. However, Starb ucks has introduced the several new products and high quality of coffee, highly differentiated to maintain consumers satisfied and away from competitors in the coffee market.Thus, the buyer bargaining power has offset and became moderate. The Summary of Michael Porters Five Factor In summary, the coffee market faces very strong forces from the industry rivals but it obtains weak forces from the threat of substitutes. Besides, the other three forces are considered as moderate. Generally, the impact of the five forces is moderate in the specialty coffee industry. Therefore, Starbucks is able to obtain the paragon revenues in the coffee market with operated effectively and efficiently. Starbucks Generic Strategy.There are three successful generic competitive strategies that organizations can apply to achieve their competitive strategies, included overall cost leadership, differentiation and digest, defined by Michael Porter. Overall cost leadership scheme implies an organization to apply lower overall be to attract consumers. The differentiation generic strategy contains the creation of service and product as being valuable and unique for the industry. Focus is the last generic strategy, which aims a certain market of a product line (Porter, 1998, p. 38) cited by (Larson, 2008).However, Starbucks are suitable the broad differentiation strategy of the five generic competitive strategies nowadays. This strategy allows Starbucks to serve a broader customer base with the differentiation of product and service (Grant, 2009) cited by (Brown, 2011). This approaches to retain and attract as many consumer with the generally product mix. Starbucks had the unique skills, products and services reputation with the distribution segment of specialty coffee industry. For instance, Starbucks was fathered an icy-blend of dark-roasted coffee and milk, named Frappuccino.This drink was a hit with $54 million sales in the first year on the national market. In addition, the high- quality standards and strong employee culture of Starbucks were known well in the specialty coffee industry. The high-quality coffee beans are purchased from Fair Trade Certified, considered a differentiation product to other competitors. The employees of Starbucks were also trained to have strong customer experience. In the differentiation strategies, Starbucks have strengthened the brand and reputation for quality and creative flair. Starbucks Strategy Options.Starbucks is able to create three strategic options for sustaining competitive advantage and further growing the business by having evaluated its forces. The three strategic options for Starbucks are that variegation, enlargement and merger. 1) Diversification The diversification of a business is that introducing new products and offering new services to the industry. There are two way of diversification for business, be related or unrelated. Starbucks is suited to attempt related diversification, reflecting more associatio n with the specialty coffee industry.Schultz believed that the company has lacked on blockbuster products, only the variations of products. Starbucks has a successful product diversification in the history with launched coffee and tea beverages, brewing and serving equipment, roasted coffee beans, music and gifts. The introduction of savory products such as cake, donut and muffin is a successful diversification as it can be combined with the existing product and core product, coffee. The diversification strategy is a good option for enhancing Starbucks growth and competitive advantage. 2) ExpansionThe expansion of an organization can be within a country and into an abroad market. Starbucks should reduce their expansion efforts in the United States and focus to expand its business into new countries to further internationalize it. The Economist stated, While Starbucks has expanded so have its rivals. The firms home market seems to have reached saturation point. With the rapid expa nsion, Starbucks is oversaturated in the United States. Therefore, this strategy option is suitable for Starbucks as the United States coffee market is reaching saturation point.If Starbucks has to go further growing and expanding, the international expansion is one of the best strategies for Starbucks. 3) Merger and Acquisition According to Investopedia, it defined as a merger is an alliance of two organizations while an acquisition is the attaining of one organization by another. The strategy of merger and acquisition sets out to accomplish the alike goal, by increased broad customer base, market share and corporate strength of business. In the history, Starbucks has merged with Dreyers Grand Ice Cream to develop super premium ice cream and acquired a premium tea company, Tazo LLC.In the case study of Starbucks, there states that there were about 25000 coffee houses in the United States in 2007. The merger and acquisition of small specialty coffee retailers will enhances the mar ket position, market share and competitive advantage of Starbucks. This is a strategy that will exploit opportunities whilst avoiding threats to further growing and expansion of Starbucks. Recommendations The first and most important process which Starbucks should take is to pick at the efforts expansion in the United States.According to Starbucks strategy Fortune, a new store will often cannibalize about 30% of the sales of a nearby Starbucks. The continuing aggressive of expansion in the United States by opening as many new stores of the same area is an act to cannibalize store sales. The reason why Starbucks should diminish their expansion plan is the coffee market has reached the saturation in the US. The overcapacity of expansion plans in a location will be met with failure to an organization. On the bum of all the evaluation and evidence referred for the strategy options, the recommendation is to further expand internationally.Starbucks can convey the remained investment int o international development plans by reducing the expansion plans in United States. The expansion of international market offers a supreme target with three fundamental objectives. The first reason is the lack of awareness of coffee market in many countries which represent the prospective market share. For instance, Starbucks currently opens approximately 20,000 stores with 13,000 in the US and 7000 in foreign countries. The total coffee consumption per person in the US has lowered much than many countries, such country as Finland and Italy.With gathering the information, this proves that expand internationally, there is a massive coffee drinking population and potential market share to be selected. (Starbucks Corporation, 2008) cited by (Larson, 2008). Another reason that international expansion offers an ideal prospect is that the expansion of product innovation. For example, Starbucks has announced their Tazo tea brand into the Japanese market. And, Tazo was brought into the Unit ed States market as it was a successful trial in Japan. Tazo green tea has brought a success to Starbucks as it was a national drinks and showed that the power of brand in North America.Starbucks could have to evade the assay of brand reputation as more forward-looking products should run a trial in international markets. Since the markets have yet visible to Starbucks for a period time, it is possible to avoid a great risk with affecting the brand reputation. Therefore, Starbucks has great competitive advantage in the markets with expand intentionally. The last reason of international expansion is to increase the brand reputation. Building brand image is key factor to an organization as the brand will affects an organizations sales and position in the market.For example, in case of Starbucks, the company has increased revenue from $7. 8 billion in 2006 to $9. 4 in 2007, along with an increase in brand value. In order to recover the exclusivity of Starbucks brand, Schultz would fo cus the expansion of international countries and slow down the expansion of the United States. Therefore, the international aggressive expansion will help to strengthen its brand image and regain a strong competitive advantage for Starbucks. In a nut shell, I am highly recommended a strategy decision to Starbucks is that expanding into international markets.International countries have represented the ideal potential market shares with the high demand of specialty coffee. By applying this strategy, Starbucks will continue to be the leader in the specialty coffee industry and further regain and strengthen its competitive advantage. Furthermore, it also gains the customer satisfaction in the international markets. International expansion is the way to move forward.Reference Balaban, S. et al. (n. d) Management 600 Starbucks Coffee Company. http//cobweb2. louisville. edu/faculty/regbruce/bruce/cases/starbucks/starbucks. htm Accessed on 7 April 2012.Brown, H. (2011) External Environmen tal Analysis of Starbucks and the Coffee Industry Strategic Management MGMT 4340 http//www2. uhv. edu/chapao/MGMT4340/Samples/Project%20Sample%203. pdf Accessed on 9 April 2012 E-Imports (2012) Coffee Statistics Espresso Business Solutions. http//www. e-importz. com/Support/specialty_coffee. htm Accessed on 5 April 2012. Gates, R. et al. (2011) Strategy Analysis MGMT 562 http//freedownload. is/pdf/strategy-analysis-mgmt-562-2925711. html Accessed on 6 April 2012. Harveywallbanger. (2012) Starbucks Customer Retention Strategies 89 HubPages.http//harveywallbanger. hubpages. com/hub/Starbucks-Customer-Retention-Strategies Accessed on 6 April 2012. Heavey, J. (2012) Starbucks a Strategic ReportScribd. http//www. scribd. com/doc/27614539/Starbucks-a-Strategic-Report-by-James-Heavey Accessed on 8 April 2012.Larson, R. (2008) Starbucks a Strategic Analysis Past Decisions and Future Options http//coe. brown. edu/documents/StarbucksaStrategicAnalysis_R. Larson_honors_2008. pdf Accessed on 8 April 2012. Location Excelerated (2012) How many Starbucks are they? Location Excelerated. http//loxcel. com/sbux-faq. html,

Impact Of Christian Missionary Activity

Impact Of Christian com missional ActivityColonialism in the nineteenth century and early twentieth centuries was cleave and parcel of the world history, whether one was part of the Colonial empires or countries on a lower floor colonial rule. Colonialism was not simply a social and economical form of conquering but also cultural, approximatelyly religious for those who lived under its grip. Indeed from the British Raj to the French rule around the world, pietism acted as a backbone to riddle and convert en masse or divert locals or natives from what was believed to be erroneous religions. Christianity in this way became an important import for colonies around the world. India is such an example. at a lower place British rule since the 18th century, India was subjugated for three centuries until its independence in 1947. This rule has obviously left a big completelyude on the Indian landscape namely on the cultural and political scene because of pedagogics and the counter reaction of Hindooism. This assay will indeed attempt to gauge the finale of Christian Missionary activity in India and its juvenileizing effect if any. The unlike ways in which Christian missions op eonted will be analysed as well(p) as its impact on education and Hindooism. This will be undertaken by describing the concept of contemporaneousness from a western perspective and how it applies to the Indian case. The impact of Christian Missions on education will be accounted for as well as the debate over the Hindu rebirth of the nineteenth century and whether it was indeed a renaissance. Moreover this essay will assess the impact of Christian activities as having been conducive to the Indian nationalist movement and how this subsequently led to Indias Independence from British Colonial Rule. contemporaneousness AND WHAT CONSTITUTES MODERNITY.The concept of contemporaneousness is western and a term devised and applied in the West because of the shift from the medieval era to the modern since the Enlightenment. Thus to speak of modernity in the Indian consideration, one needs to define what modernity entails. Firstly modernity for Marx was to be associated with the skip over of capitalist commodity production and for Weber, in the epitome principle of rationalization of the world (Kaviraj, 2000 p137). Modernity assimilates a state possess several features exchangeable a capitalist industrial economy, modern state institutions alike(p) the army and forms of democracy. Moreover the community of the traditional society tends to be replaced by the individual green light whilst religion tends to be overshadowed by secular determine. (Kaviraj, 2000 p137) .Whilst all of the mentioned elements do not have to operate at the same time for a modern society to take shape, they are the prerequisites for one. Further much, it is believed that due to prerequisites like democracy, capitalist industrial economy ,etc ,that modernity tends to replicate itself a round the globe as it supplants the traditional environment and replaces it with parvenue set of practices altogether. However, this idea does not take into account the mass and diversity of some places (Kaviraj, 2000 p138) India is such an example. Modernity does not operate on a tabula rasa but earlier has to work along existing cultures and beliefs. Moreover, modernity in the westward perspective tends to suggest an image of homogeneity, where rationality prevails over economic, political and cultural spheres. This is instead far from the truth as one flush toilet see in Indias case, where plurality and diversity have always been present and in fact regions make up this big country. Therefore, modernity cannot be applied to all cases in the same way and does not replicate itself around the globe through a common pattern. Even western countries had sort of diverse trials and errors caterpillar track towards modernity.India for instance is an extreme culturally fragmented case. The notion of being Indian did not take shape until British Colonial rule. Also, the social fragmentation of discipline and castes and royalties controlling parts of India do it hard to translate into a nation. However, British rule did contribute into putting perspective to the various religions and their differences. India first of all came under British rule due to the lack of a central state and lack of forms of democracy. Initially starting as a corporation enterprise, the East India enterprise very quickly saw itself acting as a state mostly by collecting revenues, production of statistics etc (Kaviraj, 2000 p143). In this way, British rule seek to transform the Indian colony into a western type state. However Indias diversity and class/caste ridden society could not follow into the horse opera tradition. India at that point was too embedded by religious and traditional beliefs to be turned into a modern stateThe modernity that beset the West socially, economically a nd culturally could thus not be repeated in India. The district of Bengal for instance saw a definite cultural revolution in the 19th century, where Western rationalization of thought seemed to have taken place. However the lack of infrastructures and material prospects could not emulate Western Counterparts so that Bengal could be termed as modern (Kopf, 1979 p9-11). Modernity in 19th century Bengal was allowed by the implementation of rising communication such as printing, education in the form of missionary schools. Moreover, the rise of Bhadraloks and the consolidation of intellectual elite as Ranmohun Roy witnessed a shift from the traditional to the modern. However this was concentrated mainly in urban areas and reserved for the privileged, mostly the position class. Calcutta is such an example whereby the Bengali Renaissance found itself being the preserve of the few intellectual elite and not one to touch base with most people in general. The next chapters will thus determ ine whether India turned into a modern state under Christian Missionary activity or did it only see a cultural revival. It is essential to start with education as it became the first port of call for missionaries in India to use as arm for vicissitudes.THE IMPACT OF MISSIONARY SCHOOLS AND EDUCATION IN INDIA.The printing of ancient texts revived a spark of interest in Indian traditions and texts even from British scholars and missionaries. In effect comparative studies became a key tool into understanding the Indian tradition and values (Killingley, 2003 p509-14).A world completely different from the homogeneity of religion and languages of the Western world, understanding the Indian society and transforming it into a Western project as was the British agenda could be achieved only by instilling western values of religion namely Christianity. This was to be attempted by mission school and missionaries which were meant to bridge the religious gap in the midst of Christianity and Hi nduism and also Islam. Although initially banned for apprehension on treading on local beliefs and traditions, missionary schools soon became more popular than anticipated and can be said to be conducive to Indian modernity through the revival of Hinduism (Bellenoit, 2007 p369). Missionary education would also be a catalyst for the Independence movement for it enabled men as Mahatma Gandhi to formulate their political preaching for Indian and Western audiences as well.Missionary education was set up by the British as means to be promote Western education, mainly the notions of rationalization but also to separate the false religions from the real. Indeed, Christianity in the late 19th and early 20th century had become the most widespread religion through colonies and in the Western World, the religion de facto in a sense. Western education in India was to thus boost Christian morality as contrary to the myriads of myths and ancient rites of Indian society. Practices like Sati, th e Caste system with its unfair treatment of untouchables and the subordination of women in general became a cause for concern for some of the missionaries. Mission schools were thus intended to be centres of spiritual and religious dialogue as well as centres of academic learning but more importantly a way to impart Hindus the right Christian and moral ways ( Bellenoit,2007 p371) The colonial enterprise in India was a Christian enterprise above all.Missionary schools became more and more popular, especially North India. They became synonymous to better life opportunities and social status. At the heart of these schools, lay religious debates and comparative lectures between Hinduism and Christianity. Through the comparative studies, missionaries wished to extrapolate Christianity by finding common things with Hinduism and help the pupils dispel traditions and mythical beliefs which went against the core values of Christianity. These schools moreover relied also on Indian agency an d enterprise rather than British administration, which was thought to be conducive to Indians as being part of the Western modern family. However, these comparative studies only served to destabilize the imparted Western knowledge at these schools .Indeed, rather than concentrating on the religious curriculum these schools became centres of academic pursuits by most students. Conversions being the ultimate goal were viewed suspiciously by parents who sometimes threatened to pouf their children out of these schools. Protests were often made by parents who feared that their children would turn Christians and any Christian activities would be frowned upon, seen as a disregard to Hindu culture and values (Bellenoit, 2007 p372) The Christian education only appealed to Indians for it automatically secured better life opportunities and social status within Indian society. Students meanwhile seemed to develop dual allegiances, one to their rational westernized education and the other to th e beliefs of their ancestors, seeped in myths and traditions. Mission schools thus were subject to protests and Indian agency from parents to administration and were not just a passive litigate where Indian pupils imbibed Christian lessons and forgot about their traditions. In Northern India for instance, missionary schools became a way for Indians to contest the so called superiority of Western knowledge and Christianity especially when it came to the issue of the dvaita (duality) nature of perfection which both Hindus and Christians believed in (Bellenoit, 2007 p373-374) The mastering of English language enabled students to forage into Western literature and philosophy. This allowed for Indians to seek and re read their own sacred texts as well as ancient writings which showed the richness of Indian culture and lost traditions of reason and logic which had predated the Italian Renaissance and the Enlightenment. Western notions of rationalization and education in effect helped sh ape the Indian enterprise for learning and by extension helped them revive or discover what would eventually shape Indian modernity and the process of Independence. However these mission schools were reserved to a few privileged. Moreover, the issues of caste and class still persisted. The interesting outcome of the missionary schools is that they were marked by interdependency and leaning between Europeans and Indians and that this was also a side of colonial rule and that Indians did not allow themselves to be culturally subordinated (Bellenoit, 2007 p393) In this light, it can be said that Christian activity did bring some forms of modernity in India, mostly in the form of Western style schools and education. Indians, mainly the privileged classes saw the benefit of this system. Indias vast middle class would be formed by this Christian education. However, the outcome of mission schools also meant the revival of Hinduism pupils now armed with English language could comparison t he West and their own culture. A cultural modernity seems to have taken place with the activities of Missionary schools.REFORM IN HINDUISM DUE TO COLONIAL PRESENCE.It has been pointed out that missionary schools were set up to bridge the gap between Hinduism and Christianity. The presence of Christianity in India was subject to coexistence and conflict. This conflict/ coexistence relationship thus allows for individuals to stay within their religious boundaries or to try synthesising both. The presence of Colonial rule in nineteenth century India forced Hindus to reanalyse the fundamental structure of Hinduism. The threat of missionary schools and the en mass conversion of low caste groups became a turning point for the future of Hinduism which had until then been free from any pressures except for Islam through the Mughal empire. Christianity in India was present through the church and it was a force to be reckoned with, for it had a clear structure and hierarchy unlike the multif aceted one of Hinduism This then encouraged Indians to congregate and to create a semblance of unity for political aspirations and discourses (Beckerlegge 2004 p145). The creation of the Brahmo Samaj by Ranmohun Roy and the Dharma Sabha and Swami Vivekananda Ramakrishna Math and Mission are such examples. Although these groups are western in form, they were effective in regrouping like minded men, although mostly from pep pill classes to find ways into counter attacking British policies and rules. Moreover it helped into bringing about changes within Hinduism. (Beckerlegge, 2004 p149). Missionary activity thus sparked a Hindu revival that would follow in the European traditions of rationality and intellectual thought. Faced with an ever present Christian force, Hinduism would face change from the privileged as what is known as the Hindu Renaissance.The Hindu Renaissance.The Hindu Renaissance can be described as a time marked by the reformulation of Hindu thought, practice and orga nization. It started roughly in 1820s and lasted until India gained its independence from Britain( Beckerlegge,2004 p138) The Hindu Renaissance is extremely important as it shaped modernity in India and allowed for charismatic leading like Mahatma Gandhi and Sri Aurobindo to formulate their political discourses thereafter. The Hindu Renaissance promoted a different style of Hinduism ,namely a modern Hinduism , a neo Hinduism characterized by the relationship between religion and nationalism , the majority of its thinkers having been exposed to western thought , Christianity and education (Beckerlegge,2004 p 139)Placing greater importance on the individual similar to the Enlightenment rather than traditional authorities , the worship of idols and belief in old traditions became a burden. Moreover the traditional Hindu concepts such as dharma and yoga were reinterpreted, even gaining International recognition. This new style Hinduism also sought to be at the service of humanity and to its betterment (Beckerlegge, 2004 p 139) As Sarkar points out, the Hindu Renaissance appealed to the middle class for it was created by a middle class which saw the movement as a transitional shift from medieval times to a modern one (Sarkar in Beckerlegge,2004 p 140)The Hindu Renaissance saw the emergence of figures as Ranmohun Roy, Swami Vivekanda and the prominence of cities like Calcutta acting as intellectual hub. People like Roy and Vivekananda tried to stop the elements of Christianity and Hinduism into their discourses and writings believing it would not only educate Hindus but also Christians. The precepts of Jesus by Roy are such an example. The Hindu revival aimed into seeking the catholicity of religions, by finding their common link, a supra power. Roy saw in Christian teachings the universal truth found in all religions but that the superior form was in Hinduism, namely the Advaita Vedanta. Similar to the traditions and practices that had beset Hinduism, he though t Christianity had been riddled with the Trinitarian theology and supernaturalism (Beckerlegge, 2004 p 151). Similarly Swami Vivekanandas attempt to an inclusive and kinetic Hinduism made him accept the person of Jesus and his teachings. He believed individuals and religions were aiming for the same destination albeit at different times and places. The truth of religions was found in their convergence rather than their historical differences. Figures like Roy and Vivekananda were referred to as Hindu Christians or tacit Christians. However this is a rather Eurocentric view. Hinduism was then reformulated by social and political context of the 19th century Calcutta and the clash of Indian and colonial rule.The Hindu Renaissance also posited a fundamental question, the relationship of the colonized versus the colonizer, a debate which made Indians question why they had been colonized in the first place and why Hinduism had been threatened by the advent of Christianity. The colonial p roject was an inherently Christian enterprise. The whole kit and boodle of Roy and Swami Vivekananda aimed at answering this fundamental question by finding a common ground through the universality of religions. (Van der Veer, 2001 p44-8, 66-70,72-4). It is the western quality of these writings appealed to Western and Indian audiences alike. But these western type discourses were motivated by a Hindu spirituality not to be found in Christianity (Van der Veer, 2001 p44-8 ,66-70,72-4). However the Hindu Renaissance was not a fundamental break from its past. The issues of castes, namely the Untouchables was not abolished. This Bengali renaissance culture only spread in urban areas and amongst the upper middle class bhadraloks. Some of Hinduisms rigid lines when it came to castes and hierarchy were still very traditional and still pervade (Sarkar, 1990 p 95-105).Moreover it took a longer period from the Hindu Renaissance to the actual independence of India , meaning the Hindu Renaissanc e was not as planned but rather occurred on an ad hoc basis. The Hindu Renaissance did not transform Indian society in a modern one.Christian Missionary activity in India had a modernising tendency to the extent that it brought a western style education through mission schools and the Church. Missionary activity acted as a binding factor for India as it made Indians think of themselves as Indians for the first time. As seen above, modernity entails a notion of statehood as well as industrial and economic growth. The weak links of Hinduism were introspected as well as the clear lack of hierarchy and structure that Britain possessed. A major question was to ask why India had been allowed to be colonized in the first place and how different was it from the Wests state structure. This in turn brought about the Hindu Renaissance with clear western features but imbued with a Hindu spirituality and essence. Morever it allowed Hinduism to possess a more rational and intellectualized discour se through men like Ranmohun Roy and Swami Vivekananda. They wished to syncretise Hinduism and Christianity to prove the universality of religions and thus demonstrate that colonialism was a discriminate and unfair venture on the Wests behalf. Missionary schools as highlighted above allowed Indians agency and contestation as education gave a platform to voice out opinions about Christianity and the colonial rule. Hinduism was thus get along reinforced by western educated voices rather than traditional and illiterate ones. Although not advanced infrastructurally by comparison to its western counterparts, India had entered a new era of political and cultural effervescence under the pressure of Christian missionaries and colonial rule. Those activities helped modernity trough key figures as Gandhi and Nehru who would eventually help India gain independence. It can be concluded that Christian mission activity helped India culturally modernize itself and think as a nation although marke d by major regional differences.

Alcohol Dehydrogenase: From Ethanol To Acetaldehyde

Alcohol Dehydrogenase From Ethanol To Acetaldehyde(20) 1. Alcohol dehydrogenase (AD) is an enzyme which catalyzes the reaction of its essential substratum ethanol to form acetaldehyde. The Km of AD, from rhinoceros livers, for ethanol is 1 X 10-3M. This enzyme is however somewhat non-specific and will recognize substrates other(a) than ethanol. How would the kinetic plot be affected if AD were to independently catalyze methyl alcohol and isopropanol instead of ethanol? Assume that the overall Vmax remains the same in all 3 cases. How would the Km change for methanol comp bed to ethanol ( high, lower, the same)? How would the Km change for isopropanol comp ard to ethanol (higher, lower, the same)? How would the Kms of methanol and isopropanol comp ar (which higher than the other or ab bring come to the fore the same). Based upon your knowledge of the mechanisms by which enzymes work, briefly explain how you decided to place your new Kms. Hint The alcohols are being added separat ely. There is not any kind of competition between the alcohols. They are not included in the same reaction. For your reference, the structures of these alcohols are below.Beca workout ethanol is the natural substrate of Alcohol dehydrogenase (AD), AD would have a higher affinity and vex more readily to ethanol than other alcohols, including methanol and isopropanol. Because AD has a higher affinity for ethanol than other alcohols, its Km would be lower than methanol and isopropanol. The lower the Michaelis constant (Km) the less substrate required to reduce to Vmax or the maximum reaction rate and the higher the affinity of the enzyme for the substrate. Higher Km style more substrate cin one casentration to reach Vmax and less affinity of the enzyme for the substrate. Vmax or the maximum reaction rate can be approached, but never truly reached. The Km for methanol would be higher than ethanol, thus requiring more substrate to reach Vmax and demonstrating lower affinity of AD for methanol. The Km for isopropanol would be higher than ethanol, thus requiring more substrate to reach Vmax and demonstrating lower affinity of AD for isopropanol. The Km for methanol would be lower than the Km for isopropanol and show a higher affinity for AD.The Michaielis-Menten kinetic plot would reflect a Km of 110-3M at Vmax for ethanol, a Km great than 110-3M for methanol and a Km greater than the Km of methanol for isopropanol. The overall Vmax is the same for all three, so the Vmax for all three will stay the same. The plotted curve would become less tumid with the initial angle for ethanol becoming more acute and the curve becoming more linear as it changed from ethanol to methanol to isopropanol.Ethanol is ADs natural substrate, so based on enzyme mechanisms, it is able-bodied to bind more readily to AD due to its size and shape which fits ADs bustling rank and allows ethanol to get close enough to seduce hydrogen bonds. The substrate and enzyme change confir mation and become destabilized which stabilizes the transition state, lowers the energy of activation and allows easier formation of the reaction products. Methanol and isopropanol do not bind as well, likely due to their structure or size and shape. Methanol is one carbon shorter which would prevent it from fitting in the AD site as well as ethanol and has fewer numbers of hydrogens, reducing H-bonding potential. Isopropanol is one carbon larger than ethanol which dexterity make it too bulky to effectively bind to AD. Isopropanol is a secondary alcohol, with ii carbon atoms attached to the carbon bonded to the OH, creating a bulky Y shape and not a drawing string alcohol like methanol and ethanol. This conformation and bulky shape prevents isopropanol from binding more readily than methanol, which is mistakable to ethanols linear shape.(10) 2. in brief explain the protein cleavage involved in the maturation of an insulin molecule from proinsulin. Briefly explain 3 reasons why it is important that insulin be do as an inactive precursor requiring editing. Hint Think in terms of things that would be important to the action of insulin (decreasing blood sugar).Protein cleavage is post-translational processing. Proinsulin is the precursor to insulin. Proinsulin is a polypeptide chain that loops around to form two disulfide bonds between four cysteine amino acids, two near either end. Endopeptidase cuts two molecules by proteolysis to remove the middle portion of the polypeptide. The utmost disulfide stabilized protein is insulin.Inactive proinsulin allows for optimal intra carrelular insulin stores that can be edited or activated cursorily if needed to lower blood sugar and quickly prevent hyperglycemia.Proinsulins can be produced rapidly in response to elevated blood sugar with the post-translational processing switched off quickly leaving the inactive molecules, once blood sugar is under control.Proinsulin is important because it is not degraded until it i s needed, thus does not cause harmful low blood sugar levels and maintains sustained primary levels of insulin in the body.(10) 3. Briefly and individually outline the mechanisms of action for covalent, competitive, non-competitive, and uncompetitive enzyme inhibitors indicating how they effect enzyme action. For each type of inhibitor, describe a unique example of how we could learn something valuable, and at least(prenominal) somewhat practical, about an enzyme from each type of inhibitor study.The mechanism of action for covalent enzyme inhibitors is covalent binding in the enzyme active site and thus preventing substrate binding. This is irreversible and completely deactivates the enzyme requiring more enzymes to be produced to catalyze the reaction. This could tell us what amino acids bind in the enzyme active site by identifying covalent inhibitor special functional groups and also substrate binding order.The mechanism of action for competitive enzyme inhibitors is they are shaped like the substrate and can bind in the enzyme active site, blocking the substrates binding. Competitive inhibitors can be outcompeted by increasing the substrate concentration and are reversible. Competitive inhibitors could be used to determine enzyme substrate affinities by finding out how much substrate is required and how long it takes to get back to Vmax.The mechanism of action for non-competitive enzyme inhibitors is they bind in a place other than the enzyme active site, allowing the substrate to bind, but they destabilize the transition state which hinders the enzyme by obstructing its proper performance and reducing Vmax. Non- competitive inhibitors are reversible, but cannot be outcompeted because they do not bind to the active site. Non-competitive inhibitors could be used to determine an enzymes induced fit mode of action as the substrate would still be able to bind, but not fully react.The mechanism of action for uncompetitive enzyme inhibitors is the substrate and inhibitor bind together in multi-substrate enzymes. While substrate binding and Km depend better, velocity is less because the inhibitor acts as part of the substrate. They are reversible. Uncompetitive inhibitors could be used to determine effective drug therapies by inhibiting an enzyme to varying degrees without permanently change it, counter acting large amounts of the multi-substrate enzyme but not eliminating it from performing other reclaimable functions.(10) 4. In discussing advances in molecular biotechnology, we mentioned 2 processes whose names sound signally similar called RFLP and AFLP. These two processes indeed share some similarities, but have many differences. Briefly explain 2 significant similarities that these share in their processes. Briefly explain 2 significant differences in terms of what these processes are used for.One similarity in RFLP and AFLP processes is cutting deoxyribonucleic acid for RFLP and cDNA for AFLP with restriction enzymes to cre ate fragments. Another similarity is that DNA is electrophoresed in RFLP to separate different sized restriction fragments creating unique patterns for organisms or individuals (with the exception of twins) much like fingerprints and used for comparison. PCR products are electrophoresed in AFLP to compare tissues, experiments or expression profiling.One difference in what these processes are used for is RFLP is used to compare DNA from people or organisms for genetical fingerprinting and forensics, and AFLP is used to profile gene expressions (requiring mRNA to be converted to cDNA) of uncharacterized tissues, organisms or experiments. Another difference is AFLP can be used for Quantitative indication Loci which help identify multifactorial inheritance of qualitys and assist in genome mapping, whereas RFLP is not used for QTL, but can be used for identifying a persons predisposition for a particular disease.(10) 5. Life on the planet Zornock encodes its genetic info in overlappin g stand triplets such that the translation apparatus shifts only one foundation at a time. In other words, if we had the root rank ABCDEF on Earth this would be two codons (ABC DEF) whereas on Zornock it would be 4 codons (ABC, BCD, CDE, DEF) and the beginning of two others. Briefly explain and compare the effect of each of the following types of vicissitudes on the amino acid sequence of a protein in 1) an earthling and 2) a Zornocker. A. The extension of one base. B. The deletion of one nucleotide. C. The deletion of 3 consecutive nucleotides. Assume these all occur in the middle of a gene.X = added nucleotide, ? = unknown nucleotideA1. One nucleotide added resolutioning in ABCXDEF in the earthling would create a frameshift that would produce the original codon ABC, a new codon XDE and one codon beginning F.A2. One nucleotide added resulting in ABCXDEF in the Zornocker would create one new codon, making a total of 5 codons, (ABC, BCX, CXD, XDE, DEF) and the beginning of tw o other codons EF? and F.B1. The deletion of one nucleotide resulting in ABCEF in the earthling would create a frameshift that would produce one original codon, ABC and two different beginnings EF? and F.B2. The deletion one nucleotide resulting in ABCEF in the Zornocker would result in 3 complete codons, ABC, BCE and CEF and two beginnings EF? and F.C1. The deletion of three consecutive nucleotides resulting in ABF in the earthling would create a frameshift that would result in one new codon, ABF.C2. The deletion of three consecutive nucleotides resulting in ABF in the Zornocker would result in one new codon and two partial codons, ABF and the beginnings BF? and F.The insertions and deletions in the earthling would produce a frameshift, creating different codons and a different polypeptide chain from the mutation on. Other effects of the frameshift could be inserting a different AA into the polypeptide or stopping translation altogether. These genotype effects could create non-fun ctioning proteins or fragments, partially functioning proteins or no protein expression.The insertions and deletions in the Zornocker would add or remove codons at the site of the mutation, but would not alter the polypeptide chain after the mutation due to the overlapping nucleotide triplets.(10) 6. Imagine that weve isolated a new and potentially useful mutation in an existing shape plant. Our goal as biotechnologists might be to characterize the mutation, figure out what protein it affects, figure out how it is expressed, figure out how it is controlled, and how to best take advantage of it for crop improvement. Using the techniques that weve covered so far, briefly outline a series of experiments and expected results, using at least 5 of the techniques weve discussed, to attempt to achieve the above goals. Hint There is more than one way to do this.1 In order to characterize the mutation, we could use Sanger DNA sequencing to determine the amino acid sequence of the mutated gen e. We use a primer and DNA polymerase to start DNA synthesis. We then prepare reactions with dideoxynucleotides (ddNTP) for each nitrogenous base, A, T, C and G. We run the reactions with normal nitrogenous bases and one ddNTP nitrogenous base representing either A, T, C or G. The ddNTPs terminate the DNA chains and when all the reactions are electrophoresed on a gel with lanes A, T, C and G, we can read from the bottom up to determine the DNA sequence. We could then compare the DNA sequence to the sequence of the existing model plant to determine the differences in amino acid sequences caused by the mutation.2. In order to characterize what protein it affects, we could detect gene expression and protein interactions by using qRT-PCR. First we create mRNA by transcribing the mutant DNA genes. Next, we convert the mRNA using reverse transcriptase to cDNA. Then we run a qPCR on the cDNA and add SYBR green to the products. SYBR green intercalates the DNA and we can measure the fluores cence and determine the number of mRNA copies, thus determining which proteins are affected.3. In order to figure out how it is expressed, we could use DNA microarray and protein microarray analysis. With DNA microarrays we obtain gene chips and hybridize fluorescently labeled cDNA from the tissues containing the mutation. The mutation prototype is compared to the model sample in parallel microarrays. A machine then analyzes and overlays the images to measure transcript levels, identify products and determine upregulation and downregulation of many proteins. We could also use protein microarrays which are similar to DNA microarrays, but are used to identify other proteins and compounds a protein interacts with. At times, protein function can be inferred by analyzing the environment in which it is expressed.4. To figure out how it is controlled, we could use in situ hybridization to locate the mutant gene expression products or RNA molecules produced. First we chemically fix sample tissues to slides. With DNA probes we could sharpen mRNAs to see which cells and where in these cells the gene is being expressed. We could probe with antibodies to determine which proteins are being translated. We could add or subtract associated enzymes, substrates and cofactors and alter internal and external cell conditions to see how this changes the gene expression and thus determine how the gene is controlled.5. To determine how best to take advantage of it, we could genetically engineer the model plant with the mutation by inserting the mutant DNA into a Ti plasmid, creating a recombinant Ti plasmid, and have Agrobacterium introduce that into the model plant. The Ti plasmid would recombine with the model plant DNA and create a genetically engineered plant that expresses the new trait. We could then run various experiments on the genetically engineered plant to determine if the trait is expressed as desired and if not, change the variables until we get the advantage we are l ooking for.

People And Organisational Development

People And Organisational DevelopmentThis paper deals with the various problems geological formations face while implementing miscellanea. It looks at transport both from the fundamental lawal point of view and the individuals perspective cogitate to a greater extent on the latter. It considers the various process and models involved in transfigure focus. The paper compromises gists of a case studies which is attached as an appendice. Finally the paper concludes by pointing out the drawbacks and offering suitable suggestions for the organization undergoing switch over pickings into count the short term and long term benefits.NOTE Case study summarized in appendix 1CCC- Coxs Container CompanyBBC- Byfields Business CollegeIntroduction potpourri is a continuous process which every organization or individual undergoes at close to point. Defining careen steering is some condemnations a very complicated process. To find the exact definition to fit the purpose underpins the prof essionalism of the organization. Voropajev (1998) democracys change caution as an integral process related to all internal and external factors in projects, influencing project changes. It also involves identification of possible changes already occurred and coordinated changes across the full project. (Appendix) write out the 6 points in Voropajev BNET Business Dictionary best describes it by keeping it simple and states it as the coordination of a structured period of changeover from situation A to situation B in order to achieve lasting change within an organization. To make it simpler we roll in the hay describe it as the changes organizations work out to realize benefits or to develop a profit reservation business. modify is the requirement for competitive success. Change is not a simple process through overnight, it requires thoughtful planning and implementation and should involve consultation and involvement of all the mint (stakeholders, employees, consumers) who a r going to be affected by the change. Change wariness faces both internal, external factors and approaches related to projects. Hence managing change is a very all important(p).Change is not a single action or initiative. It involves various theories underpinned by Cameron Green (2004) such asOrganizational changeTeam ChangeIndividual changeCultural changeThe core objective to be regurgitate forward is whether the organization is entitled for benefits due to the changes suggested and the dis-benefits the organization will face if the changes atomic number 18 not initiated. Change needs to be measurable, realistic and achievable for it to nurture an impact on the organization and individual.Burnes (2009) identified the two dominant managing change approaches as identifying the strengths and weakness of organizations, and situations they are designed to address. still even by applying this does not cover problems organizations face. Burnes (2009) also states that both planned and emergent changes harbour benefits both practically and theoretically further they neglect other approaches. So a good example built to fit change is a better option and making it flexible for future changes goes even further.The ADKAR model (Appendix) proposed by porsci () acts as a reclaimable tool and when realized in a sequence of steps helps individuals and organizations to manage successful change. Many organizations used this to good effect and Jeff Hiatt (1998,2006) developed it further and prioritized on individuals when achieving change successful.Reasons for Changes Problems facing Coxs Container Company (CCC)Nearing retirement of Founder Managing DirectorHigh Market CompetitionReduced marginsErica Wilson survey entirely on her ownFear of job cutsNo trainingChange not consulted with employeesCultural issuesNon co-operation of manager employeesAddition of new consultantLack of confabulation among kick the bucket worry employees2/3 staff work in the producti on de cave inmentAre people ready to change?What is the best schema for change?What is the best loss leadership style Vermeulen (1997)Resistance to changeWe (human beings) have al steerings constituted to the major share of declineance to change. The bulk of scientific evidence suggests that the more the individual is enabled to exercise control over his/her task and relates his efforts to his fellows it is lot more likely to seduce a positive commitment. Paton James (2008) This shows a basis of a democratic government. A fair amount of disagreement and resistant is often seen in change because it is disruptive and stressful. Kotter and Schlesinger (1979) suggested four ways why people resist changeParochial or narrow-minded self-interestMisunderstandingLow tolerance to changeDifferent assessments of the situationPeople tend to posses fixed ideas and take over certain rules which have worked strong for them in the ancient. still due to advancement in technology, science a nd trends different organizations tend to be updated with the latest advancement which requires changes or perhaps even re-organising the way they work. Organizational personnels not adapting to this change face the 4 change resistance stated above by Kotter and Schlesinger. But the leader has to assess the situation before implementing the new changes. BBC CCC (Appendix) both dont indicate the assessment being carried out taking all stakeholders involved in the change.Who Performs the Change?A highly debated question is that not many people like change and the people making the decisions come in the firing line if it backfires. Habits are part of every persons life but is counterproductive when it deals with change. Change process or change curve evolves through number of mental phases.Denial lickingNegotiating or bargainingDepressionAcceptanceExperimentationDiscovery of delightIntergration Baekdal, Hansen, Todbjerg and Mikkelsen (2006)Leaders or managers are the people who initi ate the change. As mentioned earlier by Cameron Green (2004) the various changes taking place usually the initiator plays a huge part. At BBCs (Appendix) the director forced changes which affected the work environment and a lot of resistance from employees was portrayed but it invariablelly brought calibrate the performance.Two rather contrasting points to put forward both in BBC CCC the individuals accepted change and the individual repelled changes respectively.John l Thompson 73Role of Leader in Change ManagementLeaders seem to infer the phrase change management as means of bring inting the organization to perform what they want. Cramm (2003) in her research article stress that this only affects the people. This could only lead to the lack of the vision not being migrated from the head of the leader to the hands of the employee. Even strategic planning can go to the drain if in that respect is lack in vision.VISION schemeIMPLEMENTATIONLeaders need not possess single recommen ded style. Thompson (1997) Some are autocratic others democratic in the way they make their decisions. Each relies on different strengths such as planning and analyzing, some are intuitive and visionary. What exactly we need of leaders is going up to people and involving them as part of the process.Gaining InputsStakeholder viewsLikes DislikesCramm (2003) states that true spirit of change management is enabling all employees to express and apply their knowledge in a way that benefits each of them and the organization. Burnes (2009) also fierceness that employee empowerment as crucial to successful change, especially when there is attitude and culture involved. For this in turn leads us to motivation being an important criterion. He further compared three theories in order to understand employee involvement.Depth of InterventionCognitive DissonancePsychological Contract Burnes (2009)There are a hardly a(prenominal) key aspects to be considered by leaders or managers who take on challenge of change.Recognizing group consent a major influence on willingness to changeConvey and emphasize two practiceTraining a part of building processAllowing enough period for changeEncourage people to hire basic idea to fit the real world and them Vermulen (1997) et al. Deal Kennedy (1988)The employees have to be convinced that this change is going to benefit them and is done taking into account the best interest of the organization and the employees.Fragmented leadership is a huge cause of outputs being brought down. There always is a need for a hale structured plan to achieve transformation. Carr Littman (1990, p. 195) et al. Vermulen (1997) identified nine steps needed for successful cultural transformation process.Planning for cultural changeAssessing the current state of quality cultureTraining managers and the workforceManagement adopting and modeling the new behaviorMaking organizational and regulation changes that support quality action plan individual performa nce appraisal and monetary reward systems to reflect the principles of total quality managementChanging budget practicesRewarding positive changesUsing colloquy tools to reinforce TQM principlesHence the leader has to pay extensive attention to cultural change since it is a sensitive issue. Diagnosing and analyzing the organizations character will provide assessment of the strength and weakness. This can be further built upon. This makes the implementation a easier procedure to be carried out.Managing the Individual CultureChanging organizational structure can be done rather quickly but the cultural change is a long process and consumes time. Kanter (1992) et al Burnes (2009) The fact that many people or even teams are repulsive towards the word change is that they are worried if their individual roles and responsibilities would be affected. People are more suited towards performing actions which they are familiar with. Hence Cameron Green (2004) stress the fact that managing the individual and people within the organization is an important criteria. Thompson (1997) states that if culture and power is overlooked, implementation may not be possible.Baekdal, Hansen, Todbjerg and Mikkelsen (2006) state that change management is more about the people and higher aptitude does not come from working harder but from within. Higher efficiency comes from motivation, complete understanding for the entire process and self worth. This has to be focused on a large scale if the company is to improve. The strategic leader plays an important part in the culture of the organization. Attitudes and behavior of employees are affected as well as willingness to accept responsibilities and taking measured risks due to these changes. The culture of an organization is associated to the personality of the individual. Culture and communication cannot be separated and for this to be put in place common assumptions have to be made. Catwright et al Mullins (2005) sees culture as a syste m of management authority and states three ways employees react.They identify themselves with their organization accept its rules when it is the right thing to do.Internalize the organisations values when they believe they are right andThey motivated to achieve the organization objectives Catwright et al Mullins (2005)There are many types of cultures seen in organizations which are cited in Mullins (2005) pg 892 893). But person culture plays as a huge part usually. It sometimes could be people getting together to agreeing with a certain system like the one of sharing cakes on Fridays at BBC. This atmosphere has worked well and has not hindered their success. But forced changes made by the new management has affected the working and led to inefficiencies. Every organization has its own unique culture and large organization posses a mix or cultures. Different people like working in different environments and they get more satisfied and this makes them happy which reflects on their performance. But Dean Kennedy et al Burnes (2005) categorise corporate cultures bearing two factorsThe degree of risk associated with the organisations activities andThe speed at which organizations and their employees receive feedback on the success of decisions or strategies.Change FactorsFree market competition is a driving source for organizations and individuals to innovate and changeCommunication communication strategyInvolving people who are going to be directly affected by the changes is crucial and setting up a communication strategy is vital. This has capacious effect on reducing the uncertainty people face and assures them of their involvement. By implementing this particular procedure the employees are draw into discussions and gives them the right to debate about the changes. This discussion can convince them why the change is needed rather than just being told to do changes which they really dont know why is being suggested. This can overthrow anger, frustration etc being cultivated.This is best described in a mini case study cited in Burnes (2009) where the trade union convenor for NHS had problems with the top managements way of implementing change. Change was not consulted but ordered. This de-motivated the entire department and lack of staff support was evident. The situation seemed not like changing until the new chief executive taking the post on the very first day saw the problem and went to the head of the union. This was a huge step forward since it gave the union head and its employees the pledge of their involvement and them being heard out. This resulted in changes not being possible previously were possible now. It required only a little bit of ingenuity and thought to initiate this step. This small win was a big step forward which contributed heavily to the change process.500 wordsManagement Union MeetingsHaving management union meetings to address the problems facing the organization and the drop in operational quality is n eeded. The fact that none of the changes have been discussed with the union is seen as a drawback. The management and the employees can come to mutual agreements and speak over conflicts which are hindering the changes from not being employed. Perhaps suggesting a few compensations to employees might work in favour of the management. Corbett (1994)Drawbacks of ChangeTo every positive there is a negative. If change is not realized tendency to rely on a particular range is too strong and critical factor needed for success will not be built upon. In this every changing world change is the essence for success. Case study at McDonalds Thompson (1997) the smallest change such as change in menu also affects the people involved in making the food since they are accustomed to making the same previous menu. The motivation and moral is suppressed due to this change which will affect quality and time initially. But the organization is going to benefit so this change has to be realized. Forced change and accepted change are two changes which are not discussed often.Case StudyWave managementSince over 2/3 of the companys employees work in production department and the fact that they have been working for the past 10 years, managing them to adapt to the changes is critical. Two main steps to put down areInvolvement of employees in changesFinding ways to manage themEzzamel, Green, Lilley Willmott (1995) state that organizations should be leaner, creative and adaptive. Bureaucracy hierarchical control have a lot of drawbacks. Having a network with a shared culture will make the employees attached to the core values of the organization which will bring down the cumbersome hierarchy and its cost. This is needed since there seems to be a vacuum when it comes to confrontation between top management and employees. This new wave management can lead to lot of future emphasis such asProblem-solve through participation help employee self-disciplineEffectively develop HRFlexibly appr eciate contingency ambiguity Ezzamel et al. (1995)Ezzamel et al. (1995) also state that managers are not required enforcing rules to control workforce. But this could lead to some problems with respect to disciplinary and motivation. Having cross-functional managers is a way to bring the top management and employees closer. This will bring self disciple as well as a constant monitoring process together which will benefit the organization. This eradicates functional specialism and boundary wjich are seen as obstacles for project management.strategic managementThe steps mentioned below is probably the basic best process in achieving change. Planning to achieve the desired output needs a strategy to be implemented. Morgans (1986) et al. Burnes (2009) organizational metaphors 8 point description is good but many people rather prefer Johnsons Scholes (1993) et al.Some problems cannot be solved but only managed and adding value helps to manage change.Values such as awareness, responsi bility, teamwork, tolerance and teamwork are supreme just as flexibility and change readiness.Specify time lineSpecifying the time line for the change to take place is often neglected by organizations. As seen from CCC or BBC case study (Appendix) there is no mention of time frame which does not help to achieve short term or long term wins. This could sometimes weaken the change process and become barriers for change management. Drawing time lines analyzing time lines are crucial to planning and implementation process.500 wordsRemediesMotivationEngaging peopleWays to make them understand (Educate Regulate them of the situation)Stats (projections)Positive attitude we are not victims, dont take it personal, global competitionGet out of a nurse zone loss or opportunitiesBe a better player you fail company failsRe tool and re invent yourself einstien slogan make better questions + attitudePoor planning involve team communicateDont see the point why will they want to changeIf ROI is not there then no company will be happyMotivationManage change Setting ExampesManaging change is an important ingredient to achieving change. It is the responsibility of the management and many organizations fail to do so. There is no point blaming the workers. McCormic () states that effectively dealing with emotional response to change as a key criteria. Managers have their reasons to resist change. This may be due to the fact that they might feel that the change is not going to have effectuate or lack of trust in the management.Possible solutionTop management needs to consider solutions from managers and them in turn from workers. People disagreeing must not be beaten down for their expressions.Top management must review the suggestions and analyze there is enough funds (Executive Sponsorship) to carry out the process if agreed.Open communication two way and honest opinions must be givenExpectations must be robust and everyone must be aware of the change.Reporting syste m must be initiated on mutual grounds.By implementing these steps or so managers will tend to be won over by the management and the employees will follow suit.Cultural set up on TQMCulture plays an important part in an organization involving every individual contributing to it and helps change over a period of time. Management plays the most important roles in achieving this transformation. Vermulen (1997)Vermulen (1997) identifies companys culture as major issue hindering TQM and change. Companies through is policies and day to day actions usually send signals defining what is important and comely which in turn helps employees act accordingly. If an audit could be carried out like questionnaires, personal interviews etc this can assess the situation and a feedback system would be created which helps gain commitment and awareness of the present situation. Vermulen (1997) states management must accept and follow accordingly even though there might be differences more than conforma nce. But what this does in the CCCs situation is that since 2/3 of the company employees work in the same department and are of similar cultural background. This is not always the solution.What effects change can bringSTUDENT ID 469131Page 8

Fossil Fuels :: Coal Petroleum Natural Gas

Part One - Introductionfogy Fuels are the most classic energy sources in our world right away. The overwhelming majority of the energy used in the world comes from the burning of three major dodo fuels coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Fossil fuels are a non-renewable source of energy. They are formed over a very long period of time the fossil fuels on earth today were formed from plants and animals that lived up to 300 million years ago. These fossil fuels are found in deposits deep beneath the earth. The fuels are burned to release the chemical energy that is stored within this resource. Energy is essential to modern society as we know it. Over 85% of our energy demands are met by the combustion of fossil fuels.Part Two FormationGoing back to the earlier days of Earth, the plants and animals that lived then eventually died and decomposed. The majority of these life forms were naval dwelling forms of plankton. When these ancient ocean dwellers died, they accumulated on the bot tom of a seabed this is how a good portion of our fossil fuel reserves began. The actual transformation process of these prehistoric creatures is not known, but scientists do know that the pinch, heat, and a great deal of time go into the making of fossil fuels. Geologists are fairly certain that the beds of ingrained remains mixed with silt and mud to form layers. Over time, mineral sedimentation formed on top of the organisms, effectively entombing them in rock. As this occurred, pressure and temperature increased, these conditions, and possibly other unknown factors, caused organic material to break down into the simpler form of hydrocarbons, which are chains of carbon and hydrogen ranging from simple configuration to intricate compounds. Another affect of extreme pressure is that the oil and gas which are various mixtures of hydrocarbons raise upwards to the surface. Exactly when in the conversion process and the disposition of this migration is not known and is subject to c onjecture. Oil and gas are found in the ground, not freely drifting up through the earth. This is because the hydrocarbons come crosswise rock formations that they are unable to penetrate. Complex rock structures that effectively trap gas and oil are formed by tectonic plate activity, the aforementioned(prenominal) forces that shift continents. The most common formation that accomplishes this is called an anticline, a dome or arched layer of rock that is impermeable by oil and gas.

Americanization of the Australian Media Essay -- miscellaneous

Americanization of the Australian MediaThe Australian television and media have become americanised through the influence of American media and television programs in Australia.This interrogation will only concentrate on the extent of Americanisation in Australia through the influence on television and the film industry as the aspect of Americanisation covers a wide range from fashion to language. To fully understand the topic of the hypothesis, proper exploration of the definitions of identity and culture ar of relevance. Identity and culture play an intact role in what an Australian represents as well as how the world views Australians. The meaning of identity can be summarized as The collective aspect of the traffic circle of characteristics by which a thing is definitively recognizable or known as well as the set of behavioral or personal characteristics by which an respective(prenominal) is recognizable as a member of a group (Meriam-Webster 2003). Culture one the other hand , can be simply coined as the way of look, language and traditions that are common amongst a group of people (Meriam-Webster 2003). The Australian identity and culture is something that is unique and exclusive to its people, word like barby, g twenty-four hour period mate and tinnies immediately refers to Australia. Australians pride themselves as hard-working, humourous and jovial people, who love the outdoors and good viands. But in recent times we notice that Australians, are not being Australian enough. Gone are the days where men wore rabbit-fur and trusty leather work-shoes. New York Yankees caps worn backwards and polished white Adidas wizard sneakers coupled with denims worn below the hips instead have replaced these. Ten years ago, the mentioned situation could only exist in the United States of America. Today we see it hap in almost all major cities and suburbs in Australia (Mengel 2001, pers. comm., 11 Aug)Throughout the years, we have heard the term Americanisation f requently invoked but seldom defined. Originally, Americanisation was the label apply to define the assimilation of immigrants and other minorities seeking citizenship in the United States of. In most cases, Americanisation was defined broadly as The process by which an alien acquires our language, citizenship, usance and ideas. (Bell & Bell, 19982) The overall term Americanisation is most of t... ...sed, as cultural absorbtion not necessarily means that America is exerting dominance over Australia. A somewhat fairer comment on Americanisation would be,Whats new about American culture invading Australia? Nothing. Australia might look, absorb, then move on to its own beat (Mengel 2001, pers. comm. 11 Aug.)According to Mengel, this may be exactly what Australia along with the rest of the world is experiencing. There is no doubt that USA has managed to spread just about everything from fashion to fast food to hip-hop music throughout the world creating a popular culture. Australian s may enjoy and appreciate this popular culture, but this by no means reservation them any less Australian (people still prefer watching cricket to professional wrestling e.g. WWE Smackdown) (Bennett 1999, p.208). An interesting fact is that the USA has its own cultural dilemma, it should be recognized that the US has likewise absorbed diverse cultures and traditions leading to many people to question who or what is a real American (Bumbrey S. 1999). The idea of Americanisation should not be ignored but rather regarded as part of the cultural assimilation of the world leading towards globalization.